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首页> 外文期刊>The Journal of Slavic Military Studies >Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War Ⅱ
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Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War Ⅱ

机译：第二次世界大战东线的当代史学

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In Western historiography and also in popular perception, the Allied landings in Normandy in June 1944 have long been seen as the turning point of the Second World War. However, more recent research has shown that Nazi Germany was not defeated by the Western Allies but above all by the Soviet Union. In most respects, the conflict between the Third Reich and Stalin's Russia was the core conflict of World War Ⅱ. More people fought and died on the Eastern Front than in all other theaters of war combined. Moreover, it was a struggle of an unprecedented cruelty and barbarity. During the whole of World War Ⅱ, the majority of the German army fought at the Eastern Front, and most German soldiers died there. The losses for the Russians were astronomical: Between 25 and 30 million soldiers and civilians died in the struggle with the Third Reich. The losses of the Western Allies pale in comparison, although it is by no means the intention of the various authors discussed in this review article, nor of the author of this article, to debunk the efforts and suffering of the millions of soldiers and civilians of Western Europe and the United States. Military and economic historians have shown that the Wehrmacht was indeed ill prepared for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Its logistical apparatus was woefully inadequate to supply an enormous army, basically composed of an incredible variety of vehicles and weapons. The Germans seem to have completely underestimated the logistical challenges of the coming campaign against the Soviet Union, one of the main reasons of its failure, combined with the poor weather, German hubris, the tenacity of the average Russian soldier, and the production miracle the Soviet Union managed to perform, outproducing the Third Reich by far. Recent research has also stated that the decisive turning point of the Second World War was December 1941, not Stalingrad, let alone the battle of El Alamein. Some historians even suggest that Nazi Germany had lost the war as early as August 1941, when it had failed to knock out the Soviet Union in one all-out blow. Although that is perhaps a bit of an exaggeration, it is clear that from the last month of 1941 on, the war was indeed lost for the Third Reich. It was now at war with the leading industrial powers of the world - Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States - a battle of attrition it simply could not win, although economic power does not determine everything. The German army treated Soviet POWs and the Russian civilian population cruelly, to say the least. This long has been attributed to Nazi ideology. Although that certainly did play a role, more recent studies claim that it was above all military necessity that determined the way German soldiers acted, meaning that they could also show some restraint when that suited the war aims, while at the same time showing utter ruthlessness and barbarity when these aims were threatened. The enormity of the war on the Eastern Front was astounding, both in the number of troops and material involved as in the enormity of the suffering, killing, murder, humiliation, and decisiveness for the Second World War as a whole. Nazi Germany was broken on the Russian steppes. As Fritz and others have convincingly shown, 'the real war had always taken place in the east'.
机译：在西方史学和人们的普遍认知中，1944年6月盟军登陆诺曼底一直被视为第二次世界大战的转折点。但是，最近的研究表明，纳粹德国不是被西方盟友击败，而是被苏联击败。在大多数方面，第三帝国与斯大林的俄罗斯之间的冲突是第二次世界大战的核心冲突。在东线战斗和死亡的人数超过了其他所有战区的总和。而且，这是一场空前的残酷和野蛮的斗争。在整个第二次世界大战期间，大多数德国军队在东线作战，大多数德国士兵在那里死亡。俄国人遭受的损失是天文数字：在与第三帝国的斗争中，有25至3000万士兵和平民丧生。相比之下，西方盟友的损失惨淡，尽管这绝不是本评论文章所讨论的各个作者，也不是本文作者的意图，是要揭穿伊拉克数以百万计的士兵和平民的努力和苦难西欧和美国。军事和经济史学家表明，国防军确实为入侵苏联做好了准备。其后勤设备严重不足以提供一支庞大的军队，基本上由各种车辆和武器组成。德军似乎完全低估了即将进行的对苏战役的后勤挑战，这是苏军失败的主要原因之一，再加上恶劣的天气，德国人的狂妄自大，俄国士兵的坚韧和生产奇迹。苏联设法表现出色，远远超过了第三帝国。最近的研究还表明，第二次世界大战的决定性转折点是1941年12月，而不是斯大林格勒，更不用说El Alamein的战斗了。一些历史学家甚至暗示，纳粹德国早在1941年8月就输了一场战争，当时它没有一口气打败苏联。尽管这可能有点夸张，但很明显，从1941年最后一个月开始，第三帝国的战争确实输了。现在，它正与世界领先的工业大国-英国，苏联和美国交战-尽管经济实力不能决定一切，但这场消耗战根本无法取胜。至少可以说，德军残酷地对待苏联战俘和俄罗斯平民。长期以来一直归因于纳粹意识形态。尽管这确实起到了作用，但最近的研究声称，最重要的是军事需求决定了德国士兵的行动方式，这意味着他们在符合战争目的时也可能表现出一定的克制，而同时又表现出无情这些目标受到威胁时的野蛮行为。东线战争的巨大规模令人震惊，所涉及的部队和物资数量惊人，而整个第二次世界大战所遭受的痛苦，杀害，谋杀，屈辱和果断性却是巨大的。纳粹德国在俄国大草原上被击碎。正如弗里茨（Fritz）等人令人信服地表明的那样，“真正的战争总是发生在东方”。

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  • 来源
    《The Journal of Slavic Military Studies》 |2015年第3期|567-587|共21页
  • 作者

    MARTIJN LAK;

  • 作者单位

    University of Leiden, Johan Huizingagebouw, Doelensteeg 16, 2311 VL Leiden, The Netherlands;

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