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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology >A new family of gymnodont fish (Tetraodontiformes) from the earliest Eocene of the Peri-Tethys (Kabardino-Balkaria, northern Caucasus, Russia)
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A new family of gymnodont fish (Tetraodontiformes) from the earliest Eocene of the Peri-Tethys (Kabardino-Balkaria, northern Caucasus, Russia)

机译：来自最早的外围特提斯世始新世（俄罗斯北高加索地区的卡巴迪诺-巴尔卡里亚）的裸子fish科鱼类（四齿类鱼类）的新家族

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The environmental changes that occurred during the Paleocene-Eocene transition are crucial for the interpretation of the patterns and processes of diversification of vertebrate clades. A prominent increase of the number of vertebrate families occurred between the late Paleocene and early Eocene, resulting in the appearance of many in the earliest representatives of extant lineages, including a number of marine fish groups. Tetraodontiforms are a monophyletic group of derived teleost fishes encompassing a variety of bizarre morphologies. Even though the earliest members of this order appeared in the Late Cretaceous, most of the crown lineages date back to the Eocene. One of the crown tetraodontiform groups that appeared in the fossil record during the Eocene are the gymnodonts (pufferfishes, porcupinefishes, ocean sunfishes and their allies), which include a variety of species characterized by highly modified teeth incorporated into beak-like jaws and scales usually modified into prickly spines. Herein, we describe Balkaria histiopterygia gen. et sp. nov., a gymnodont fish characterized by a strikingly peculiar morphology. The single available specimen in part and counterpart documented herein was recovered from the sapropelitic deposits that originated in the northern Peri-Tethys during the transition between the Paleocene and Eocene. Today, these deposits are exposed near the village of Gerpegezh, Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. The skeletal structure reveals an extreme mosaicism of primitive and derived characters that result in a very bizarre and unexpected morphology. Balkaria histiopterygia gen. et sp. nov. is unique among the extant and other fossil gymnodont fishes by, among many other features, the huge size of its spiny-dorsal fin and the position of these spines on the top of the head. Balhxria histiopterygia gen. et sp. nov. is the earliest unequivocal gymnodont fish, representing the sole member of the new family fBalkariidae. More particularly, Balkaria histiopterygia gen. et sp. nov. is shown herein to be the oldest and arguably the most informative fossil of the gymnodont suborder Tetraodontoidei. The phylogenetic placement of this new taxon has been assessed based on both morphology alone and on a combination of morphological and molecular data that strongly supports the close relationship of Balkaria gen. nov. to the herein restricted Tetraodontoidei. However, its position within Tetraodontoidei is unstable depending on the type of method of phylogenetic inference. Significantly younger ages, during the Late Cretaceous, are estimated for the diversification of Tetraodontiformes than in previous tip-dating analyses (Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) using the fossilized birth-death process; these new age estimates are in better agreement with the tetraodontiform fossil record.
机译：在古新世-始新世过渡期间发生的环境变化对于解释脊椎动物进化枝多样化的模式和过程至关重要。在新世晚期和始新世之间，脊椎动物家族的数量显着增加，导致现存世系的最早代表中出现了许多，包括许多海洋鱼类。四齿类动物是衍生的硬骨鱼类的单系群，涵盖各种怪异的形态。即使该阶序的最早成员出现在白垩纪晚期，但大多数王冠世系都可以追溯到始新世。始新世在化石记录中出现的冠状四齿类群之一是裸齿（（河豚，豪猪，海洋翻车鱼及其盟友），其中包括多种特征，它们的牙齿通常被修饰成喙状下颚和鳞片变成刺棘。在这里，我们描述了Balkaria histiopterygia gen。等。十一月，一种裸藻鱼，其特征是形态奇特。本文记录的部分和对应的单个可用标本是从古新世和始新世过渡期间起源于北特提斯山脉的腐生沉积物中回收的。今天，这些矿床在俄罗斯卡巴尔达-巴尔卡里亚共和国的Gerpegezh村附近暴露。骨骼结构揭示了原始字符和派生字符的极端镶嵌，从而导致非常奇怪和意外的形态。巴尔卡虫直翅目蝇属。等。十一月在现存的和其他化石裸齿鱼类中是独特的，其许多特征还包括其刺背鳍的巨大尺寸以及这些刺在头顶的位置。 Balhxria组织直肌增生症。等。十一月是最早明确的裸子鱼，是新家族fBalkariidae的唯一成员。更特别地，Balkaria histiopterygia gen。等。十一月本文显示，它是裸齿亚目四齿齿亚目中最古老且可说是信息最丰富的化石。已基于单独的形态以及强烈支持Balkaria基因密切关系的形态和分子数据的组合评估了这种新分类单元的系统发生位置。十一月限于本文限定的四齿类齿科。但是，其在四齿类齿科动物中的位置不稳定，具体取决于系统发育推断的方法类型。与以前使用化石化的生死过程进行的先期约会分析（侏罗纪和白垩纪早期）相比，估计白垩纪后期的牙齿畸形的多样化年龄要小得多。这些新的年龄估计与四齿动物化石记录更加吻合。

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