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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology >Haleyornis toliapicus (Aves: Lower Eocene, England) indicates advanced neuromorphology in Mesozoic Neornithes
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Haleyornis toliapicus (Aves: Lower Eocene, England) indicates advanced neuromorphology in Mesozoic Neornithes

机译：Haleyornis toliapicus（Aves：下始新世，英格兰）表明中生代Neornithes的高级神经形态

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摘要

Our recent X-ray micro computer-tomographic (μCT) investigations of Prophaethon shrubsolei and Odontopteryx toliapica from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation of England revealed the avian brain to have been essentially modern in form by 55 Ma, but that an important vision-related synapomorphy of living birds, the eminentia sagittalis of the telencephalon, was poorly developed. This evidence suggested that the feature probably appeared close to the end of the Mesozoic. Here we use μCT analysis to describe the endocranium of Halcyornis toliapicus, also from the London Clay Formation. The affinities of Halcyornis have been hotly debated, with the taxon referred to the Charadriiformes (Laridae), Coraciiformes (Alcedinidae, and its own family Halcyornithidae) and most recently that Halcyornithidae may be a possible senior synonym of Pseudasturidae (Pan-Psittaciformes). Unlike Prophaethon and Odontopteryx, the eminentia sagittalis of Halcyornis is strongly developed and comparable to that of living species. Like those London Clay taxa, the eminentia sagittalis occupies a rostral position on the telencephalon. The senses of Halcyornis appear to have been well developed. The length of the cochlear duct of the inner ear indicates a hearing sensitivity within the upper range of living species, and enlarged olfactory lobes suggest a reasonable reliance on sense of smell. The optic nerves were especially well developed which, together with the strong development of the eminentia sagittalis, indicates a high degree of visual specialization in Halcyornis. The advanced development of the eminentia sagittalis further supports a Mesozoic age for the appearance of this structure and associated neural architectural complexity found in extant Aves. The eminentia sagittalis of living Psittaciformes is situated caudally on the telencephalon, making a Pan-Psittaciformes relationship unlikely for Halcyornis.
机译：我们最近对来自英格兰下始新世伦敦黏土地层的Prophaethon shrubsolei和Odontopteryx toliapica进行的X射线微计算机断层扫描（μCT）研究表明，到55 Ma时，禽类大脑的形态已基本现代，但与视觉相关的重要因素活禽的突触畸形，即端脑的突状突突。该证据表明该特征可能出现在中生代末期。在这里，我们使用μCT分析来描述同样来自伦敦粘土地层的Halcyornis toliapicus的内颅骨。 Halcyornis的亲缘关系一直受到激烈的争论，其分类群被称为Charadriiformes（Laridae），Coraciiformes（Alcedinidae和它自己的家族Halcyornithidae），最近还提到Halcyornithidae可能是Pseudasturidae（Pan-Psittaciformes）的高级同义词。与Prophaethon和Odontopteryx不同，Halcyornis的矢状突突发达并且与活体的突突突突相当。像那些伦敦黏土类群一样，箭尾虫在端脑中占据着延髓的位置。 Halcyornis的感觉似乎已经很好地发展了。内耳的耳蜗管的长度表明，在生物物种的较高范围内存在听力敏感性，而嗅叶增大则表明对嗅觉的合理依赖。视神经特别发达，与矢状突突的强烈发育一起，表明在Halcyornis中高度的视觉专长。矢状突弓的先进发展进一步支持了中生代这种结构的出现以及在现存的Aves中发现的相关神经结构的复杂性。活体斜尾形的人字形尾骨位于尾脑的尾端，这使得Halcyornis不太可能出现泛-斜形关系。

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