Individual Differences in Exploration Using Desktop VR

David Modjeska; Mark Chignell

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Individual Differences in Exploration Using Desktop VR

机译：使用桌面VR进行探索时的个体差异

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With advances in computer graphics, a number of innovative approaches to information visualization have been developed (e.g., Card et al, 1991). Some of these approaches create a mapping between information and corresponding structure in a virtual world. The resulting virtual worlds can be fully three dimensional (3D) or they can be implemented as a series of 2D birds-eye "snapshots" that are traversed as if they were in 3D, using operations such as panning and zooming interactively (2.5D). This paper reports a study that contrasted 3D and 2.5D performance for people with differing levels of spatial and structure learning ability. Four data collection methods were employed: search task scoring; subjective questionnaires; navigational activity logging and analysis; and administration of tests for spatial and structure-learning abilities. Analysis of the results revealed statistically significant effects of user abilities, and information environment designs. Overall, this research did not find a performance advantage for using a 3D rather than a 2.5D virtual world. In addition, users in the lowest quartile of spatial ability had significantly lower search performance in the 3D environment. The findings suggest that individual differences in traits such as spatial ability may be important in determining the usability and acceptability of 3D environments.

机译：随着计算机图形学的进步，已经开发了许多用于信息可视化的创新方法（例如，Card等，1991）。这些方法中的一些方法在虚拟世界中的信息和相应结构之间创建映射。生成的虚拟世界可以完全是三维（3D），也可以实现为一系列2D鸟瞰“快照”，就像使用3D一样进行遍历，使用平移和交互式缩放（2.5D）等操作。本文报道了一项针对空间和结构学习能力不同的人群的3D和2.5D性能对比研究。使用了四种数据收集方法：搜索任务评分；主观问卷；航行活动记录和分析；以及管理空间和结构学习能力的测试。对结果的分析表明，用户能力和信息环境设计具有统计学上的显着影响。总体而言，这项研究并未发现使用3D而不是2.5D虚拟世界的性能优势。此外，空间能力最低四分位数的用户在3D环境中的搜索性能明显较低。这些发现表明，诸如空间能力之类的特征的个体差异对于确定3D环境的可用性和可接受性可能很重要。

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《Journal of the American Society for Information Science》 |2003年第3期|p.216-228|共13页
作者
David Modjeska; Mark Chignell;
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Knowledge Media Design Institute, Faculty of Information Studies, 140 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G6, Canada;

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中图分类科学、科学研究;
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4. Age Dependent Differences in the Usage of a Desktop VR System for Air Force Mission Planning and Preparation [C] . Carsten Winkelholz, Michael Kleiber International conference on human-computer interaction;UAHCI 2011;International conference on universal access in human-computer interaction;HCI international 2011 . 2011

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7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

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8. Explorations of Individual Differences Relevant to High Level Skill [R] . Keele, S. W., Hawkins, H. L. 1981

机译：探索与高水平技能相关的个体差异

Individual Differences in Exploration Using Desktop VR

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