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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of the American Water Resources Association >Spatial and Seasonal Response of Municipal Water Use to Weather across the Contiguous U.S.
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Spatial and Seasonal Response of Municipal Water Use to Weather across the Contiguous U.S.

机译：美国各地的市政用水对天气的空间和季节响应

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摘要

Weather variability has the potential to influence municipal water use, particularly in dry regions such as the western United States (U.S.). Outdoor water use can account for more than half of annual household water use and may be particularly responsive to weather, but little is known about how the expected magnitude of these responses varies across the U.S. This nationwide study identified the response of municipal water use to monthly weather (i.e., temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration [ET]) using monthly water deliveries for 229 cities in the contiguous U.S. Using city-specific multiple regression and region-specific models with city fixed effects, we investigated what portion of the variability in municipal water use was explained by weather across cities, and also estimated responses to weather across seasons and climate regions. Our findings indicated municipal water use was generally well-explained by weather, with median adjusted R-2 ranging from 63% to 95% across climate regions. Weather was more predictive of water use in dry climates compared to wet, and temperature had more explanatory power than precipitation or ET. In response to a 1 degrees C increase in monthly maximum temperature, municipal water use was shown to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% in dry cities in winter and summer, respectively, with smaller changes in wet cities. Quantifying these responses allows urban water managers to plan for weather-driven variability in water use.
机译：天气多变性有可能影响市政用水，特别是在美国西部等干旱地区。户外用水可占家庭年用水量的一半以上，并且可能对天气有特别的反应，但人们对这些反应的预期幅度在美国各地的变化知之甚少。这项全国性的研究确定了市政用水量对月度用​​水的反应天气（即温度，降水，蒸散[ET]），使用美国连续229个城市的月度输水量使用特定于城市的多元回归和具有城市固定效应的特定于区域的模型，我们调查了市政水的可变性的哪一部分各个城市的天气可以解释气候变化的用途，并且还可以估算不同季节和气候区域对天气的反应。我们的发现表明，天气情况通常可以很好地解释市政用水，在整个气候区域，调整后的R-2的中位数范围为63％至95％。与潮湿相比，天气更能预测干旱气候下的用水，而温度比降水或ET具有更多的解释力。响应于每月最高温度升高1摄氏度，冬季和夏季的干旱城市市政用水量分别增加了3.2％和3.9％，而湿润城市的变化较小。量化这些响应可以使城市用水管理者针对天气原因来规划用水的可变性。

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