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Walled cities in late imperial China

机译：帝制晚期的城墙

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For thousands of years, the Chinese and many other nations around the world built defensive walls around their cities. This phenomenon is not well understood from an economic perspective. We rationalize the existence of city walls by developing a simple model that relates the dimensions and quality of city walls to a set of economic and geographic variables. We report an empirical analysis using hand collected and previously unutilized data on city walls in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties. We find that the circumference of a city wall is correlated with local economic and geographic conditions, that wall size is positively correlated with population size in the jurisdiction, and that frontier cities subject to a higher probability of attack tend to have stronger city walls. We examine the physical size distribution of walled cities in late imperial China and show that city sizes above a certain cutoff follow a Pareto law, although the Pareto coefficient decreases algebraically with the cutoff point. This result complements findings in the existing literature that focuses almost exclusively on the population size distribution of cities. We also find that cities with walls in the past have higher employment and population densities at the present time. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
机译：数千年来，中国人和世界上许多其他国家在其城市周围建造了防御墙。从经济学的角度来看，这种现象还不太清楚。我们通过开发一个简单的模型来合理化城墙的存在，该模型将城墙的尺寸和质量与一组经济和地理变量相关联。我们报告了一项使用明和（1368-1644）和清（1644-1911）城墙手工收集和先前未使用的数据进行的实证分析。我们发现，城墙的周长与当地的经济和地理条件相关，城墙的大小与辖区中的人口数量呈正相关，而遭受攻击可能性较高的边境城市往往具有更强的城墙。我们研究了帝制晚期中国围墙城市的实际大小分布，并表明，尽管帕累托系数随分界点呈代数递减关系，但超过一定边界的城市规模遵循帕累托定律。该结果补充了现有文献中几乎完全专注于城市人口规模分布的发现。我们还发现，过去具有隔离墙的城市目前具有更高的就业率和人口密度。 （C）2016 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。

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