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Geothermal systems on the island of Bali, Indonesia

机译：印度尼西亚巴厘岛的地热系统

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This paper presents an overview of the geothermal systems on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Physicochemical data of hot springs and shallow geothermal wells were collected from four geothermal locations: Penebel, Batur, Banjar and Banyuwedang. The concentrations for the three main anions varied significantly indicating a different geothermal history. The values for Cl- ranged from 0.1 to 1000 mg/L, for HCO3- from 20 to 2200 mg/L and for SO42- from 0.1 to 500 mg/L Although the island of Bali is underlain by carbonate rocks, a carbonate host rock for the geothermal reservoirs could not be confirmed, because the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/HCO3- molar ratios were approximately 0.4, well below 1.0 and the K/Mg ratios were approaching those of a calc-alkaline rock reservoir. The HCO3- of the thermal waters correlated with Ca2+, Mg2+, Se+ and K+ indicating water-rock interaction in the presence of carbonic acid. Phase separation was inferred for the Bedugul and Banjar geothermal systems, because of relatively high B/Cl ratios. Boron isotopes were determined for selected samples with values ranging from delta B-11 of 13 to 22.5%. (NBS 951). The heavy delta B-11 of +22.5% together with a low B/Cl ratio indicated seawater input in the Banyuwedang geothermal system. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of the thermal water plotted along the global meteoric water line (GMWL) and close to the mean annual value for precipitation in Jakarta indicating a meteoric origin of the geothermal water. Comparison of the Si, Na/K, Na/K/Ca and Na/Li geothermometers with actual reservoir temperature measurements and physicochemical considerations led to the conclusion that the Na/Li thermometer provided most reliable results for the determination of geothermal reservoir temperatures on Bali. Using this thermometer, the following reservoir temperatures were calculated: (1) Penebel (Bedugul) from 235 to 254 degrees C, (2) Batur 240 degrees C and (3) Banjar 255 degrees C. Due to seawater input this thermometer could not be applied to the Banyuwedang geothermal system. There application of a SiO2 thermometer indicated a reservoir temperature below 100 degrees C. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：本文概述了印度尼西亚巴厘岛的地热系统。温泉和浅层地热井的理化数据来自四个地热位置：Penebel，Batur，Banjar和Banyuwedang。三种主要阴离子的浓度差异很大，表明地热历史不同。 Cl-的值范围为0.1至1000 mg / L，HCO3-的值范围为20至2200 mg / L，SO42-的值范围为0.1至500 mg / L尽管巴厘岛是碳酸盐岩层下的碳酸盐岩，由于（Ca2 + + Mg2 +）/ HCO3-的摩尔比约为0.4，远低于1.0，并且K / Mg的比例接近钙碱性岩石储层的比例，因此无法确定地热储层。热水中的HCO3-与Ca2 +，Mg2 +，Se +和K +相关，表明在碳酸存在下水-岩相互作用。 Bedugul和Banjar地热系统的相分离被认为是由于相对较高的B / Cl比。确定选定样品的硼同位素，其B-11值在13％至22.5％之间。 （NBS 951）。 B-11的重三角洲B-11为22.5％，而B / Cl比率较低，表明在Banyuwedang地热系统中输入了海水。沿全球大气水线（GMWL）绘制的热水的氢和氧同位素组成，接近雅加达的年平均降水量，表明该地热水的流源。将Si，Na / K，Na / K / Ca和Na / Li地热仪与实际储层温度测量值和物理化学因素进行比较，得出结论，即Na / Li温度计为厘定巴厘岛地热储层温度提供了最可靠的结果。使用该温度计，计算出以下储层温度：（1）Penebel（Bedugul）从235到254摄氏度，（2）Batur 240摄氏度，（3）Banjar 255摄氏度。由于海水输入，该温度计无法应用于番yu湿塘地热系统。在那里使用SiO2温度计表明储层温度低于100摄氏度（C）2015 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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