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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Impact of tephra falls on Andean communities: The influences of eruption size and weather conditions during the 1999-2001 activity of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
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Impact of tephra falls on Andean communities: The influences of eruption size and weather conditions during the 1999-2001 activity of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador

机译：特非拉瀑布对安第斯社区的影响：厄瓜多尔通古拉瓦火山1999-2001年活动期间火山爆发的大小和天气条件的影响

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摘要

Repeated ash fall events have occurred during the 1999-ongoing eruption of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, notably during the late 1999 and August 2001 eruptive phases. While the eruptive styles were similar, these two phases had different impacts on nearby rural and urban Andean populations: ash falls in late 1999 had limited effects on human health and farming, whereas the 2001 phase resulted in medical problems, death of animals in livestock, and damages to houses and crops. Here we investigate the origin of this difference by estimating the size of the August 2001 event (VEI, magnitude, intensity), and by comparing monitoring information of the 1999 and 2001 phases (duration, explosion rate, column height, SO_2 output rate). The results show that both phases ranked at VEI 3, although the longer 1999 phase was likely larger than the 2001 phase. Mass magnitude (M) and intensity (I) indexes calculated for the 2001 phase reach M≈2.7 and I≈6.5 when based on ash fall layer data, but increase to M≈3.2 and I≈7.0 when ballistic products are included. We investigated the influence of rain fall and wind flow regimes on ash dispersion, sedimentation and remobilization. The analysis indicates that the harmful effect of the 2001 phase resulted from unfavorable conditions that combined volcanological and seasonal origins, including: a) a low elevation of the ash plume above rural regions owed to a usually bent-over column, b) ash sedimentation in a narrow area west of the volcano under sub-steady wind directions, c) anticipated ash settling by frequent rain flushing of low intensity, and d) formation of a wet cohesive ash coating on buildings and harvests. Conversely, the stronger 1999 phase injected a large amount of ash at higher elevation in the dry season; the ash was widely disseminated across the whole Ecuadorian territory and beyond, and was frequently removed by rain and winds. In summary, our study illustrates the influences of eruption size and weather conditions on the impact of volcanic activity in a tropical setting and puts emphasis on the necessity to merge volcanological and meteorological monitoring duties for hazard assessment and alert level definition, in order to mitigate the effect of ash falls in the Andes and elsewhere.
机译：在厄瓜多尔通古拉瓦火山1999年持续爆发期间，发生了多次火山灰坠落事件，特别是在1999年末和2001年8月的喷发阶段。虽然喷发样式相似，但这两个阶段对附近的安第斯山区和城市人口产生了不同的影响：1999年末的火山灰落对人类健康和农业影响有限，而2001年的阶段则造成医疗问题，牲畜死亡，以及房屋和农作物的破坏。在这里，我们通过估计2001年8月事件的大小（VEI，大小，强度），并比较1999年和2001年阶段的监视信息（持续时间，爆炸率，柱高，SO_2输出率）来调查这种差异的起源。结果显示，尽管较长的1999年阶段可能比2001年的阶段大，但两个阶段的排名都在VEI 3上。根据灰烬掉落层数据，为2001年阶段计算的质量指标（M）和强度指标（I）分别达到M≈2.7和I≈6.5，但包括弹道积时，分别增加到M≈3.2和I≈7.0。我们调查了降雨和风流方式对灰分分散，沉降和迁移的影响。分析表明，2001年阶段的有害影响是由火山学和季节性起源相结合的不利条件造成的，这些条件包括：a）由于通常是弯曲的柱子，导致农村地区上方的烟灰柱高度降低，b）灰分沉积在亚稳态风向下火山西侧的一个狭窄区域，c）预期通过频繁的低强度雨水冲刷而使灰烬沉降，d）在建筑物和收获物上形成湿的粘结性灰烬涂层。相反，在干旱季节，较强的1999年相在较高的海拔高度注入了大量的灰分。灰烬在厄瓜多尔的整个领土及其他地区广泛传播，经常被雨和风吹走。总而言之，我们的研究说明了喷发规模和天气条件对热带环境中火山活动影响的影响，并强调必须合并火山和气象监测职责以进行危险评估和警报级别定义，以减轻灰的影响落在安第斯山脉和其他地方。

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  • 来源
    《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》 |2012年第1期|p.91-103|共13页
  • 作者

    Jean-Luc Le Pennec; Gorki A. Ruiz; Patricio Ramon; Enrique Palacios; Patricia Mothes; Hugo Yepes;

  • 作者单位

    Clermont Universite, Universite Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France,CNRS, UMR 6524, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France,IRD, R 163, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France;

    Instituto Geofiscoo, Escuela Politecnica National (IG-EPN), Ap. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador;

    Instituto Geofiscoo, Escuela Politecnica National (IG-EPN), Ap. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador;

    Instituto National de Meteorologia e Hidrologia (INAMHI), Secretaria National de Gestion de Riesgos, Inaquito N36-14 y Corea, Quito, Ecuador;

    Instituto Geofiscoo, Escuela Politecnica National (IG-EPN), Ap. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador;

    Instituto Geofisco, Escuela Politecnica National (IG-EPN), Ap. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    ash fall; tephra volume; weather conditions; andean communities; tungurahua volcano; Ecuador;

    机译：落灰特非拉音量天气状况;安第斯社区;通古拉瓦火山厄瓜多尔;

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