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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Role of mechanical stratigraphy on fracture development in carbonate reservoirs: Insights from outcropping shallow water carbonates in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy
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Role of mechanical stratigraphy on fracture development in carbonate reservoirs: Insights from outcropping shallow water carbonates in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy

机译：机械地层学在碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育中的作用：意大利翁布里亚-马尔什-亚平宁山脉露水浅层碳酸盐岩的发现

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摘要

Studies on mechanical stratigraphy show that a link exists among facies, sedimentary cycles, diagenesis and fracturing. Understanding this link is fundamental for characterising fluid flow in natural reservoirs, especially carbonate ones. This work investigates the field of evidence through a case study in the Umbria-Marche Apennines: the Lower Jurassic shallow water carbonates of the Calcare Massiccio unit, a potential carbonate reservoir. A multidisciplinary approach is used, involving stratigraphy, sedimentology and structural geology. The studied succession crops out at the core of an ENE-verging anticline, located at Campolarzo, within the Umbria-Marche Apennines. The Calcare Massiccio here consists of high-frequency, metre-scale, shallowing upward, peritidal cycles. Three different cycles (thickness ranging from 0.3 to 3 m) have been recognised: type A (incomplete asymmetric cycle), type B (complete asymmetric cycle with sheet cracks) and type C (complete asymmetric cycle with tepees). Sedimentary textures vary according to the depositional environment. The subtidal facies is almost entirely mud-supported, with the exception of type A cycle, which locally can be grain-supported. The intertidal facies is from mud- to grain-supported and commonly laminated. The supratidal facies may be either absent (type A) or represented by vadose pisoid caliches, sheet cracks (type B) and tepees (type C). The overprinting of diagenetic facies (early diagenesis) is particularly evident in the supratidal intervals of type C cycle (tepee structures) and in the inter-supratidal intervals of type B cycle (sheet cracks). The fracture pattern within the Calcare Massiccio mainly consists of systematic joints organized in two prominent mutually perpendicular sets (orthogonal joints) and two subordinate non-perpendicular sets (diagonal joints). The orthogonal sets are interpreted as tensile joints developed sub-parallel (longitudinal joints) and sub-perpendicular (cross joints) to the NNW-SSE axial trend of the host anticline. The diagonal joints are interpreted as shear joints. In the study area, the fracture density is strongly controlled by heterogeneities of rock properties between and within facies, which in turn are determined by sedimentary textures and, dominantly, by the combination of sedimentary and diagenetic facies, e.g., by the petrofacies. The control played by the petrofacies distribution across the stratigraphic succession may justify strong variations in the fracture density (up to ca. 80% or more) within the same sedimentary cycle, as well as fracture terminations, independently from tectonic causes. A systematic decrease in fracture density going from subtidal to intertidal to inter-supratidal and tepee facies is evident. Minimum values are observed on tepee structures; fractures often terminate against supratidal intervals with tepee. The lowest fracture density characterises petrofacies where early diagenetic processes are more pronounced (i.e., the intertidal facies and the inter-supratidal facies with tepee, strongly affected by early dissolution cavities filled by early cements). No obvious correlation is observed between the fracture density and the thickness of the petrofacies layer.
机译：机械地层学研究表明，相，沉积循环，成岩作用和压裂之间存在联系。理解这一联系对于表征天然油藏（尤其是碳酸盐油藏）中的流体流动至关重要。这项工作通过一个翁布里亚-马尔什-亚平宁山脉的案例研究来调查证据领域：Calcare Massiccio单元的下侏罗统浅层碳酸盐岩，这是一个潜在的碳酸盐岩储层。采用了多学科方法，涉及地层学，沉积学和构造地质学。所研究的演替作物位于翁布里亚-马尔什-亚平宁山脉内的Campolarzo的ENE融合背斜的核心。这里的Calcare Massiccio由高频，米级，向上变浅的蠕动周期组成。已经识别出三个不同的周期（厚度范围从0.3到3 m）：A型（不完全不对称循环），B型（完全不对称钢板裂纹）和C型（完全不对称带圆锥篷）。沉积质地根据沉积环境而变化。潮下带几乎全部由泥浆支撑，但A型旋回除外，而A型旋回局部可以由谷物支撑。潮间带相由泥质支撑到粒状支撑，通常是层压的。上rat相可能不存在（A型），或表现为渗流性类皮卡齿，片状裂缝（B型）和圆锥形（C型）。成岩相的叠印（早期成岩作用）在C型旋回的上层间隔（圆锥形构造）和B型旋回的上层间间隔（片状裂缝）中尤为明显。 Calcare Massiccio内的骨折模式主要由组织的关节组成，这些关节分为两个突出的相互垂直的集合（正交关节）和两个从属的非垂直集合（对角关节）。正交集被解释为与主背斜线的NNW-SSE轴向趋势平行的（纵向接头）和垂直的（垂直接头）接头。对角节被解释为剪切节。在研究区，裂缝密度受相间和相内岩石性质的不均匀性强烈控制，反过来又由沉积质地决定，并主要由沉积相和成岩相的组合（例如，岩相）决定。跨地层相的岩相分布所起到的控制作用可以证明在同一沉积周期内裂缝密度（至多约80％或更高）以及裂缝终止的强烈变化是独立于构造原因的。从潮间带到潮间带再到上壁间和圆锥形地带，裂缝密度的系统降低是明显的。在圆锥形结构上观察到最小值；骨折通常以圆锥形终止于上上间隔。最低的裂缝密度是岩相的特征，在岩相中早期成岩作用更为明显（即潮间带相和圆锥形带的上盘间相，受早期胶结剂填充的早期溶蚀空洞的强烈影响）。在裂缝密度和岩相层厚度之间没有发现明显的相关性。

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