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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research >Overview of the eruptions of Sinabung Volcano, 2010 and 2013-present and details of the 2013 phreatomagmatic phase
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Overview of the eruptions of Sinabung Volcano, 2010 and 2013-present and details of the 2013 phreatomagmatic phase

机译：2010年和2013年至今的西那邦火山喷发概述以及2013年吞噬岩浆阶段的细节

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A small phreatic eruption of Sinabung Volcano, North Sumatra on 28 August 2010, at 18:30 local time marked the first eruption in the past similar to 1200 years. The eruption took place from two small vents in the south crater area. Explosions and ash emissions from these vents generated multiple ash plumes that reached altitudes of up to 5 km during early- to mid-September. By the end of September 2010, only low level steam plumes were visible and the alert level was reduced from Level 4 (highest) to Level 3. The 2010 eruption effectively ended at this time. Beginning two days after the initial 2010 eruption, activity of the eruption has been monitored continuously by a telemetered seismic network surrounding the volcano and by remotely sensed observations. This monitoring system was supplemented with a near-field continuous GPS network, beginning in February 2011. Persistent fumarolic emissions continued for almost 3 years following the 2010 eruption, before a new eruption began on 15 September 2013. This eruption continues to the present. The ongoing eruption is divided into 5 major phases: 1) phreatomagmatic phase (July 2013-18 December 2013); 2) first dome and collapse phase with pyroclastic density currents (PDCs; block-and-ash flows and related surges) to south (18 December 2013-10 January 2014); 3) lava-flow and collapse phase (10 January 2014-mid-September 2014); 4) second lava dome and collapse phase with PDCs to south (mid-September 2014-July 2015); 5) lava dome collapse and ash explosion phase with PDCs to southeast and east (August 2015-present). The volcano erupted intermittently during the early phreatomagmatic phase with small vertical ash explosions. Then the eruption became increasingly vigorous with more repetitive and intense vertical ash explosions during late October through November. The first small pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) began on November 1. These pyroclastic flows descended the southeastern flank to a distance of 2 km.Swarms of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and volcanic tremor lasting hours occurred repeatedly during the phreatomagmatic phase and some of these VT-swarms were followed by explosions. In early December 2013, during the transition between phreatomagmatic and dome-collapse phases, swarms of hybrid earthquakes took place preceding and accompanying dome growth. The first lava dome was observed in satellite images on 18 December near the main crater rim. Partial collapses of the dome produced PDCs beginning on 30 December. Growth of this first lava dome continued into January and was accompanied by additional collapses and PDCs. By about 10 January, the lava had transitioned from a summit dome morphology into a lava flow morphology. The resulting lava flow descended the southeast flank of the volcano, producing flow-front and marginal collapses with associated PCDs. One such flow-flank collapse on 2 February 2014 resulted in a PCD that killed 16. The lava flow phase continued through mid-September 2014, when a second summit lava dome began to grow and collapse, producing PDCs initially to the south and southeast, and then beginning in July 2015 to the east and southeast.The eruption of Sinabung resulted in major impacts on the population of the resort and farming area near the volcano and in the Ginting and Karo Regencies of North Sumatra. Local residents, having not experienced eruptions in their lifetimes, were initially curious and eager to receive any information about the eruption regardless of its source. Various institutions provided information with little coordination, resulting in confusion. With time communications have improved and communities and the responsible governments have become better prepared in dealing with the persistent eruption. The Government of Indonesia has provided funding to support villagers who lived within a 5 km radius danger zone to stay in relocation camps as a permanent relocation area is being identified. Unfortunately, on 21 May 2016, 9 additional fatalities took place in the village of Gamber, within the danger zone, when a dome collapse sent a pyroclastic density current into the area.Throughout the eruption, the volcano has been monitored by the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) in partnership with the USGS-USAID Volcano Disaster Assistance Program and the Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University. Monitoring techniques have included seismic, geodetic, gas, satellite and field observations, as well as occasional sampling of ash and lava for geochemical analyses. In this paper, we summarize key aspects of the monitoring data, their interpretations and their use in forecasting eruptive behavior and in issuance of alerts and warnings. More detailed interpretations of the monitoring data and their use are found in other papers of this special issue. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.
机译：2010年8月28日，当地时间18:30，北苏门答腊西那邦火山发生了一次小型喷发，标志着过去1200年来的第一次喷发。火山爆发是在南部火山口地区的两个小喷口发生的。这些通风孔的爆炸和灰烬排放产生了多个烟灰柱，这些烟柱在9月初至9月中旬达到了5 km的高度。到2010年9月底，只有低水平的蒸汽羽流可见，警报级别从4级（最高）降低到3级。2010年喷发实际上就此结束了。从2010年首次喷发后的两天开始，通过围绕火山的遥测地震网络和遥感观测连续监测喷发活动。从2011年2月开始，该监测系统得到了近场连续GPS网络的补充。在2010年喷发之后，持续的烟酸排放持续了将近3年，然后在2013年9月15日开始新的喷发。这种喷发一直持续到现在。持续的喷发分为五个主要阶段：1）岩浆岩阶段（2013年7月至2013年12月18日）； 2）第一个穹顶和坍塌阶段，向南（2013年12月18日至2014年1月10日）出现火山碎屑密度流（PDC；块灰流和相关浪涌）； 3）熔岩流塌陷阶段（2014年1月10日至2014年9月中旬）； 4）第二个熔岩穹顶和塌方阶段，与南部的PDC（2014年9月中旬至2015年7月）； 5）东南部和东部的PDC熔岩穹顶坍塌和灰烬爆炸阶段（2015年8月至今）。火山在岩浆早期阶段间歇性爆发，并伴有少量垂直灰烬爆炸。然后，在10月下旬至11月，喷发变得越来越剧烈，并出现了更多重复且激烈的垂直灰烬爆炸。第一个小火山碎屑密度流（PDC）始于11月1日。这些火山碎屑流从东南侧面下降到2 km。在火山岩浆阶段，火山构造地震（VT）和火山震颤持续数小时，并反复发生。这些VT群中随后爆炸。 2013年12月上旬，在岩浆岩阶段和穹顶塌陷阶段之间的过渡期间，在穹顶生长之前和之后发生了混合地震群。 12月18日在火山口主要边缘附近的卫星图像中观察到了第一个熔岩穹顶。从12月30日开始，圆顶的部分塌陷产生了PDC。第一个熔岩穹顶的生长一直持续到一月，并伴随着更多的崩塌和PDC。到1月10日左右，熔岩已从顶峰穹顶形态转变为熔岩流形态。产生的熔岩流下降到火山的东南侧面，与相关的PCD一起产生流前和边缘塌陷。 2014年2月2日发生的一次此类流面崩塌导致PCD死亡16。熔岩流阶段一直持续到2014年9月中，第二个山顶熔岩穹顶开始生长和坍塌，最初在南部和东南部产生了PDC，然后从2015年7月开始向东和向东南方向延伸。锡纳蓬的喷发对火山附近的度假胜地和耕种区以及北苏门答腊的金廷和卡罗政权的人口产生了重大影响。一生中没有经历过喷发的当地居民最初好奇并且渴望获得有关喷发的任何信息，无论其来源如何。各种机构提供的信息很少协调，导致混乱。随着时间的流逝，沟通得到了改善，社区和负责任的政府为应对持续不断的喷发做好了充分的准备。印度尼西亚政府提供了资金，以支持居住在半径5公里的危险区内的村民，因为他们正在寻找永久性的安置区，因此他们要留在安置营中。不幸的是，2016年5月21日，在危险区内的甘伯（Gamber）村又发生9人死亡，当时穹顶坍塌将火山碎屑密度流带入该地区。整个喷发期间，印度尼西亚中心对火山进行了监测。与USGS-USAID火山灾害援助计划和京都大学防灾研究所合作开展的火山学和地质灾害减灾（CVGHM）。监测技术包括地震，大地测量，天然气，卫星和野外观测，以及不定期取样的灰分和熔岩以进行地球化学分析。在本文中，我们总结了监视数据的关键方面，它们的解释以及它们在预测爆发行为以及发出警报和警告中的用途。有关监视数据及其用法的更详细解释，请参见本期特刊的其他文章。 （C）2018由Elsevier B.V.发布

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