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Creating the Modern Physician: The Architecture of American Medical Schools in the Era of Medical Education Reform

机译：创建现代医师：医学教育改革时代的美国医学院建筑

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The development of modern American medicine could not have taken place without the complete reform of the American system of medical education and the total redesign of the American medical school. Those involved in creating the new facilities-educators, architects, and financial donors-recognized the architectural environment's direct impact on the medical school's educational mission. Writing in 1923, just a few months before the groundbreaking for Vanderbilt's medical school-hospital, Dean Robinson explained: Medical education is conducted in different countries in various ways.... It is not always easy to determine whether the educational principles have dominated the types and arrangements of buildings, or whether the educational principles have been dominated by the facilities in which medical education is of necessity conducted.... Only in rare instances prior to twenty-five years ago did a medical faculty [in the United States] have an opportunity to express freely any true educational policy in its plant, and in this country even today the available plant dominates the educational methods of many of our medical schools. We have, however, at present a rapidly increasing number of schools in which the opportunity is afforded to construct new plants or thoroughly remodel old ones along lines which express the modern American conception of medical education. In examining the new facilities and conceptions of medical training, this article has revealed that they were hardly uni-dimensional; they allowed for multiple visions of modern medical education and medical science. The institute design codified and encouraged a pedagogical and scientific ideal based on classifying and separating the branches of knowledge on which medical practice was founded. In contrast, those schools that erected unified buildings-either single buildings for the preclinical departments or medical school-hospitals-endorsed an approach to modern medicine that saw the study of medicine, and by extension the human body, primarily as an indivisible whole. In the end, the medical schools did more than provide efficient space for medical instruction and research. They shaped the education formulated in their halls and nurtured a particular understanding of medicine among students, faculty, and staff. The reform of American medical education also made it unnecessary for physicians to travel abroad to receive the best training. Most physicians remained in the United States, molded exclusively by this country's new pedagogical system and its buildings. As Robinson recognized, "The available plant dominates the educational methods of many of our medical schools." With most of the buildings constructed during the reform movement still used for medical education today, the impact of these original facilities continues to be felt. The relatively swift abandonment of the institute design means that the majority of American physicians trained in the past century have been educated in one of the two unified building types and indoctrinated in the coordinated conception of modern medicine. Far from historical relics, the medical schools of the early twentieth century play an active role in creating the American physicians of today and of the foreseeable future.
机译：没有美国医学教育体系的全面改革和美国医学院的全面重新设计，就不可能实现现代美国医学的发展。那些参与创建新设施的人-教育工作者，建筑师和财政捐助者-认识到建筑环境对医学院教育使命的直接影响。 Dean Robinson写于1923年，就在范德比尔特医学院的奠基典礼前几个月，他解释道：医学教育在不同的国家以各种方式进行....并非总是很容易确定教育原则是否主导了医学教育。建筑物的类型和布置，或者教育原则是否已被需要进行医学教育的设施所主导……。仅在25年前的极少数情况下，医学系[在美国]有机会在工厂中自由表达任何真正的教育政策，即使在今天，在这个国家，可用的工厂仍是我们许多医学院校教育方法的主导。但是，目前我们的学校数量迅速增加，在这些学校中，有机会按照表达现代美国医学教育理念的路线建造新工厂或彻底改造旧工厂。在研究新的医学培训设施和概念时，本文表明它们几乎不是一维的。他们考虑了现代医学教育和医学的多重视野。该研究所的设计基于分类和分离医学实践所基于的知识分支，从而编纂并鼓励了一种教学和科学理想。相比之下，那些建立统一建筑物的学校（无论是临床前部门的单一建筑物还是医学院的医院）都认可了一种现代医学的方法，这种方法不仅研究医学，而且扩展了人体，主要是作为一个不可分割的整体。最后，医学院不仅仅提供了有效的医学指导和研究空间。他们塑造了在大厅里制定的教育方式，并在学生，教职员工中培养了对医学的特殊理解。美国医学教育的改革也使医生没有必要出国旅行接受最好的培训。大多数医生留在美国，完全由该国的新教学体系及其建筑塑造而成。正如鲁滨逊所认识到的那样，“可利用的植物在我们许多医学院的教育方法中占主导地位。”如今，由于改革运动期间建造的大多数建筑物仍用于医学教育，这些原始设施的影响仍在继续。研究所设计的相对迅速的放弃意味着，过去一个世纪接受培训的大多数美国医生都接受过两种统一建筑类型之一的教育，并接受了现代医学的协调构想。二十世纪初的医学院远非历史遗迹，在培养当今和可预见的美国医师方面发挥着积极作用。

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  • 来源
    《JSAH》 |2016年第1期|48-73|共26页
  • 作者

    KATHERINE L. CARROLL;

  • 作者单位

    Delmar, New York;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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