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Watershed characteristics, land use and fabric: The application of remote sensing and geographical information systems

机译：流域特征，土地利用和结构：遥感和地理信息系统的应用

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Integrated watershed assessment, especially relying on remote sensing (RS), is a newly established procedure in developing countries. It is proving to be a major component in river-basin environmental management. The recurrence of environmental problems in the Akkar El Kabir River watershed, as well as the lack of proper data on sources and sinks of pollutants, and the extent of human interference, led to the current study. Advanced geoinformation tools, such as RS and geographical information systems (GIS), prove to be a valuable asset in securing data on the fabric of the Akkar watershed in relation to its natural setting and anthropic interference. This is particularly true in the current study as the river constitutes the boundary between Lebanon and Syria. Remote sensing captures the watershed characteristics and land use on both sides without constraints. The natural fabric includes geology, drainage, hydrogeology, forest and soil. The anthropic fabric includes settlements, utilities, roads, agriculture and land use. If it were not for geoinformation techniques, the task of securing such data would be difficult. Also, these techniques show the impact of malpractices from excessive human interference that result in degradation of land and water quality. Changes in the watershed, such as environmental deterioration, are observed as water pollution, soil erosion, forest decline and socioeconomic imbalance. Obviously, this is the outcome of malpractices in a multisectorial system. A major challenge for RS and GIS is to quantify, model and predict, if possible, the extent of these changes. Remote sensing inherently captures the impact of interaction between nature and human beings. Detection of change is a major indicator that RS can contribute to the evaluation of the state of the environment The application of it on this watershed reveals that significant changes have occurred over the last 10-15 years, most of which are anthropic.
机译：综合分水岭评估，特别是依靠遥感（RS），是发展中国家新建立的程序。它被证明是流域环境管理的主要组成部分。阿卡卡尔卡比尔河流域环境问题的再次发生，以及缺乏有关污染源和汇以及人类干扰程度的适当数据，导致了当前的研究。事实证明，诸如RS和地理信息系统（GIS）之类的高级地理信息工具对于保护Akkar流域的自然环境和人为干扰数据具有宝贵的价值。在当前的研究中尤其如此，因为这条河是黎巴嫩和叙利亚之间的边界。遥感可以不受限制地捕获两侧的流域特征和土地利用。天然纤维包括地质，排水，水文地质，森林和土壤。人类的结构包括定居点，公用事业，道路，农业和土地使用。如果不是地理信息技术，那么保护此类数据的任务将很困难。而且，这些技术还显示了过度的人为干扰会导致土地和水质下降的不当行为的影响。流域的变化，例如环境恶化，被观察到为水污染，土壤侵蚀，森林退化和社会经济失衡。显然，这是多部门系统中渎职的结果。 RS和GIS的主要挑战是量化，建模和预测（如果可能）这些变化的程度。遥感固有地捕获了自然与人类之间相互作用的影响。变化的检测是RS可以帮助评估环境状况的主要指标。在此流域上应用RS揭示了过去10-15年中发生了重大变化，其中大多数是人类活动。

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