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Challenges and opportunities in watershed management for Laguna de Bay (Philippines)

机译：拉古纳德湾（菲律宾）流域管理中的挑战和机遇

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Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines and the second largest freshwater lake in South-East Asia. The lake is shallow with a mean depth of only 2.8 m. Rice paddies, sugar cane fields, coconut plantations and other agricultural fields make up large portions of the catchment area, although there is also extensive urbanization and industrialization. As industry and population around the lake have grown, the lake and its tributaries have become overwhelmed by industrial, commercial, agricultural and domestic pollution resulting in massive fish kills and polluted water. Laguna de Bay is under the management and protection of a national government agency known as Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA). In 1983, the LLDA was given the power to control and abate pollution within the Laguna de Bay watershed. The mandate of the LLDA includes the environmental regeneration and sustainable development and use of the lake’s waters, fisheries and wetlands. The LLDA receives no federal funds but it retains and uses collected fees from regulated industries. The LLDA has instituted an environmental-user fee or pollution-charge system that has given corporations an incentive to construct and use wastewater treatment plants at a lower cost than the required fees for dumping waste into Laguna de Bay. User fees provide more flexibility about how and when a user or industrial facility cleans up its manufacturing process. Many medium- and large-sized domestic and multinational corporations have achieved at least 30–50% reductions in pollution loads. The user fees also encourage industry water conservation. Other creative approaches to conserving Laguna de Bay include ‘Environmental Armies’ that consist of volunteers who clean up river banks, demolish illegal fish pens and install low-cost garbage traps at the river’s mouth. ‘Poison Awards’ are given annually and publicly to companies that continue to dump large amounts of waste into lake tributaries. Organizers also name a ‘Most Improved Company’ to provide a positive incentive. Laguna de Bay stakeholders face a severe shortage of resources to continue their work. Innovative strategies are needed to achieve pollution reductions from smaller industries
机译：拉古纳德湾是菲律宾最大的湖泊，也是东南亚第二大淡水湖。该湖很浅，平均深度只有2.8 m。稻田，甘蔗田，椰子种植园和其他农业领域构成了集水区的大部分，尽管也有广泛的城市化和工业化。随着湖周围工业和人口的增长，该湖及其支流已被工业，商业，农业和家庭污染所淹没，造成大量鱼类死亡和水污染。拉古纳德湾（Laguna de Bay）受称为拉古纳湖发展管理局（LLDA）的国家政府机构的管理和保护。 1983年，LLDA获得了控制和减少拉古纳德湾流域内污染的权力。 LLDA的任务包括环境更新，可持续发展以及对湖泊水域，渔业和湿地的利用。 LLDA没有收到联邦资金，但保留并使用了受监管行业收取的费用。 LLDA建立了环境使用费或污染收费制度，该制度使企业有动力以低于将废物倾倒入Laguna de Bay所需费用的成本建造和使用废水处理厂。使用费为用户或工业设施如何以及何时清理其制造过程提供了更大的灵活性。许多大中型国内和跨国公司的污染负荷至少减少了30-50％。使用费还鼓励工业节水。保护拉古纳德湾的其他创新方法包括“环境军”，由志愿者组成，他们清理河岸，拆除非法鱼笔并在河口安装低成本垃圾收集器。每年和公开颁发“毒药奖”，以奖励那些继续向湖支流倾倒大量废物的公司。组织者还授予了“进步最快的公司”，以提供积极的激励。拉古纳德湾利益相关者面临严重的资源短缺，无法继续工作。需要创新策略来实现小型行业的污染减排

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