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Spatiotemporal analysis of an acoustic environment: interactions between landscape features and sounds

机译：声学环境的时空分析：景观特征和声音之间的相互作用

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So far landscape analysis meant analysis of the spatial pattern of land cover or land use. However, biological organisms do not perceive the landscape only as land cover or land use, but they use all their senses, in order to become familiar with and react to their surroundings. We analyzed the acoustic environment as an additional layer of spatial information in landscape analysis, shortening the monopoly of visual patterns as landscape descriptors. We recorded sounds from a rural protected area into seven categories based on their origin, and examined their spatiotemporal variability and their correlation with landscape characteristics. The sounds were distinguished as Foreground or Background sounds. Foreground sounds correspond to sharp sounds originating near the observer and usually are understood as signals of urgent information, triggering reactions; while background sounds carry information over longer distances and may be used as landmarks to help individuals find their bearing even in the absence of visual signs. We found that the acoustic environment varies both temporally and spatially reflecting anthropogenic, geophysical and biological activities. The spatial pattern of the background sounds correlates, to an extent, with the visually perceived landscape features, but it does not correlate with the spatial pattern of the foreground sounds, which do not correlate strongly with the landscape pattern. This spatial pattern mismatch between acoustic environment and landscape, along with the highly dynamic nature of the acoustic environment compared to the relatively static nature of the land cover and land use spatial pattern highlight a limitation of the classical landscape analysis, and expands our understanding of the cognitive landscape.
机译：到目前为止，景观分析意味着对土地覆盖或土地利用的空间格局进行分析。但是，生物有机体不仅仅将景观视为土地覆盖或土地利用，还利用其所有感官来熟悉周围环境并对其周围环境做出反应。在景观分析中，我们将声学环境作为空间信息的附加层进行了分析，从而缩短了视觉图案作为景观描述符的垄断。我们根据声音的来源将来自农村保护区的声音记录为七个类别，并检查了它们的时空变异性及其与景观特征的相关性。声音被区分为“前景”或“背景”声音。前景声音对应于观察者附近发出的尖锐声音，通常被理解为紧急信息的信号，触发反应；而背景声音则可以在更长的距离上传递信息，甚至可以用作地标，以帮助个人找到自己的方位，即使没有视觉信号。我们发现，声环境在时间和空间上均发生变化，反映出人为，地球物理和生物活动。背景声音的空间模式在一定程度上与视觉感知的景观特征相关，但与前景声音的空间模式不相关，而前景声音与景观模式没有强相关性。与土地覆盖和土地利用空间格局的相对静态相比，声学环境和景观之间的这种空间格局失配，以及声学环境的高度动态本质突显了经典景观分析的局限性，并扩展了我们对土地景观分析的理解。认知景观。

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