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Industry Peer Networks (IPNs)： Cooperative and competitive interorganizational learning and network outcomes

机译：行业对等网络（IPN）：合作和竞争性组织间学习和网络成果

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Purpose - This paper aims to examine a type of interorganizational learning called Industry Peer Networks (IPNs), in which a network of non-competing small businesses cooperates to improve their skills and to stay abreast of the industry trends, so that the firms remain competitive in the local and regional markets. The key characteristic of an IPN is the regular gathering of peers in small groups (typically 20 or fewer carefully selected members) in an atmosphere of significant trust, guided by a facilitator, to participate in a series of formal and informal activities through established guidelines, to share knowledge about management and marketing, exchange information about industry trends beyond their core markets, discuss issues related to company performance and provide constructive criticism about peer companies. Design/methodology/approach - The qualitative research on the context included visits to 13 peer meetings, three workshops for peer members, seven semi-structured interviews with members and many communications with the founder, chairman, committee chairpersons and several facilitators of peer meetings that spanned across five years. Data collection and analysis followed grounded theory building techniques. Findings - The authors identified both cooperative and competitive learning practices that a small business could carry out to grow from a novice to an expert IPN peer member. The cooperative elements such as peer discussions, disclosure of financial data and exposure to various business models allow member firms to learn vicariously through the successes and/or failure of their peers. At the same time, the competitive elements such as service delivery critiques, business performance benchmarking and firm ranking also prompt the members to focus on execution, to emphasize accountability and to strive for status in the network. The IPN in this research has also built network legitimacy over time, and it has sustained a viable administrative entity that has a recognizable form and structure, whose functions are to strategically manage network activities and network growth to attract like-minded new members. Research limitations/implications - First, because this research focused on fleshing out the transformative practices engaged by IPN peers, it necessarily neglected other types of network relationships that affect the small businesses, including local competitors, vendors and customers. Second, the small employment size of these firms and the personal nature of network ties in the IPN may provide an especially fertile ground for network learning that might not exist for larger firms. Third, the technology-intensive and quality-sensitive nature of IT firms may make technological trend sensitization and operating efficiency more competitive advantages in this industry than in others. Finally, although participation in IPN is associated with higher level of perceived learning, the relationship between learning and business performance is not yet articulated empirically. Practical implications - The study contributes to the understanding of cooperative/competitive transformative practices in the IPN by highlighting the defining features at each transformation stage, from firms being isolated entities which react to market forces to connected peers which proactively drive the markets. IPNs are most effective for business owners who are at their early growth stage, in which they are positioned to grow further. Nevertheless, the authors also present the paradoxical capacity of IPNs to propel firms along trajectories of empowerment or disengagement Social implications - As 78.5 per cent of the US firms are small businesses having fewer than 10 employees, the knowledge of firm and IPN transformation is important for both researchers and advocates of small businesses to understand the roots of success or failure of firms and the IPNs in which they are embedded. Originality/value - Earlier research has not explored the network-level effects as part of a full array of outcomes. Instead, research involving IPNs has focused primarily on the motivation and immediate firm-level outcomes of IPNs. Research to this point has also failed to examine IPNs from a developmental perspective, how the firms and the IPN as a network transform over time.
机译：目的-本文旨在研究一种称为行业对等网络（IPN）的组织间学习，在这种学习中，不竞争的小企业网络将合作以提高其技能并与行业趋势保持同步，从而使企业保持竞争力在本地和区域市场。 IPN的主要特征是，在互助者的引导下，在高度信任的气氛中，定期以小团体（通常为20个或更少的精心挑选的成员）的形式聚集同行，通过既定准则参加一系列正式和非正式活动，交流有关管理和市场营销的知识，交换有关其核心市场以外的行业趋势的信息，讨论与公司绩效有关的问题，并对同行公司提出建设性的批评。设计/方法/方法-对上下文的定性研究包括访问13次同行会议，为同行成员举办的三个讲习班，与成员进行的七次半结构化访谈以及与创始人，董事长，委员会主席的多次沟通，以及与同行会议相关的一些主持人跨越五年。数据收集和分析遵循扎根的理论构建技术。调查结果-作者确定了小企业可以开展的合作学习和竞争学习实践，以从新手发展为IPN专家级同行成员。诸如同行讨论，财务数据披露以及接触各种商业模式之类的合作元素使会员公司可以通过同行的成功和失败来学习。同时，诸如服务交付批判，业务绩效基准测试和公司排名之类的竞争因素也促使成员专注于执行，强调责任和争取网络地位。这项研究中的IPN随着时间的推移也建立了网络合法性，并且维持了一个具有可识别形式和结构的可行管理实体，其功能是从战略上管理网络活动和网络发展以吸引志趣相投的新成员。研究的局限性/意义-首先，由于该研究集中于充实IPN对等方采用的变革性实践，因此它必然忽略了影响小型企业的其他类型的网络关系，包括本地竞争对手，供应商和客户。其次，这些公司的就业规模小，以及IPN中网络联系的个人性质，可能为大型公司可能不存在的网络学习提供了特别肥沃的土壤。第三，IT公司的技术密集型和质量敏感型特性可能使技术趋势敏感性和运营效率在该行业中比其他行业更具竞争优势。最后，尽管参与IPN与更高水平的感知学习相关联，但学习与业务绩效之间的关系尚未从经验上阐明。实际意义-该研究突出了每个转型阶段的定义特征，从对市场力量做出反应的孤立实体到主动驱动市场的关联同行，都有助于理解IPN中的合作/竞争性转型实践。 IPN对于处于早期成长阶段并有望进一步成长的企业主而言，最为有效。尽管如此，作者们还提出了IPN在推动授权或脱离接触的过程中推动公司发展的悖论能力。社会影响-由于78.5％的美国公司是雇员少于10人的小型企业，因此，公司和IPN转型的知识对于小型企业的研究人员和倡导者都应了解企业成败的根源以及它们所嵌入的IPN。原创性/价值-较早的研究尚未探讨网络水平的影响作为所有结果的一部分。相反，涉及IPN的研究主要集中在IPN的动机和直接的企业级成果上。到目前为止，研究还没有从发展的角度检查IPN，即企业和IPN作为网络如何随着时间而变化。

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