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Biophysical drivers of coral trophic depth zonation

机译：珊瑚营养深度区划的生物物理驱动力

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摘要

Depth is used often as a proxy for gradients in energetic resources on coral reefs and for predicting patterns of community energy use. With increasing depth, loss of light can lead to a reduced reliance on autotrophy and an increased reliance on heterotrophy by mixotrophic corals. However, the generality of such trophic zonation varies across contexts. By combining high-resolution oceanographic measurements with isotopic analyses (delta C-13, delta N-15) of multiple producer and consumer levels across depths (10-30 m) at a central Pacific oceanic atoll, we show trophic zonation in mixotrophic corals can be both present and absent within the same reef system. Deep-water internal waves that deliver cool particulate-rich waters to shallow reefs occurred across all sites (2.5-5.6 events week(-1) at 30 m) but the majority of events remained depth-restricted (4.3-9.7% recorded at 30 m propagated to 10 m). In the absence of other particulate delivery, mixotrophs increased their relative degree of heterotrophy with increasing depth. However, where relatively long-lasting downwelling events (1.4-3.3 times the duration of any other site) occurred simultaneously, mixotrophs displayed elevated and consistent degrees of heterotrophy regardless of depth. Importantly, these long-lasting surface pulses were of a lagoonal origin, an area of rich heterotrophic resource supply. Under such circumstances, we hypothesize heterotrophic resource abundance loses its direct linkage with depth and, with resources readily available at all depths, trophic zonation is no longer present. Our results show that fine-scale intra-island hydrographic regimes and hydrodynamic connectivity between reef habitats contribute to explaining the context specific nature of coral trophic depth zonation in shallow reef ecosystems.
机译：深度通常用作珊瑚礁上能量资源梯度变化的指标，并用于预测社区能源使用方式。随着深度的增加，光的损失会导致混合营养型珊瑚减少对自养的依赖和对异养的依赖。但是，这种营养区带的一般性因环境而异。通过将高分辨率海洋学测量结果与太平洋中部环礁深度（10-30 m）上多个生产者和消费者水平的同位素分析（δC-13，δN-15）相结合，我们显示了混合营养珊瑚可以进行营养分带在同一个礁石系统中都存在和不存在。在所有地点（30 m处2.5-5.6个事件周（-1））发生了向较浅的珊瑚礁输送富含颗粒物的冷水的深水内波，但大多数事件仍受深度限制（在30 m处记录为4.3-9.7％） m传播到10 m）。在没有其他微粒输送的情况下，混合营养菌随着深度的增加而增加了它们相对异养的程度。但是，在同时发生持续时间较长的下沉事件（任何其他站点持续时间的1.4-3.3倍）的情况下，混合营养菌显示出升高的且一致的异养程度，而与深度无关。重要的是，这些持久的表面脉冲是泻湖起源的，这是异养资源丰富的地区。在这种情况下，我们假设异养资源丰度与深度失去了直接联系，并且在所有深度都容易获得资源的情况下，营养分区不再存在。我们的结果表明，小规模的岛内水文状况和礁生境之间的水动力连通性有助于解释浅礁生态系统中珊瑚营养深度区划的背景特定性质。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2018年第4期|60.1-60.15|共15页
  • 作者

    Williams Gareth J.; Sandin Stuart A.; Zgliczynski Brian J.; Fox Michael D.; Gove Jamison M.; Rogers Justin S.; Furby Kathryn A.; Hartmann Aaron C.; Caldwell Zachary R.; Price Nichole N.; Smith Jennifer E.;

  • 作者单位

    Bangor Univ, Sch Ocean Sci, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, Anglesey, Wales;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

    NOAA, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecosyst & Oceanog Div, Honolulu, HI 96818 USA;

    Stanford Univ, Environm Fluid Mech Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

    Nature Conservancy, 923 Nuuanu Ave, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA;

    Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, 60 Bigelow Dr, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA;

    Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92083 USA;

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