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首页> 外文期刊>Marine biology >Distribution of granuloside in the Antarctic nudibranch Charcotia granulosa (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Charcotiidae)
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Distribution of granuloside in the Antarctic nudibranch Charcotia granulosa (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Charcotiidae)

机译：南极裸Char科木耳（Charcotia granulosa）中颗粒状苷的分布（天麻：杂支菜：Char科）

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摘要

The loss of the shell in nudibranch gastropods has been related to the acquisition of chemical defensive strategies during evolution, such as the use of natural products to deter predation. In the present study, we investigated the origin, location, and putative role of granuloside (1), a homosesterterpene lactone, recently isolated from the Antarctic nudibranch Charcotia granulosa Vayssisre, 1906. Several adults, egg masses, and its bryozoan prey, Beania erecta Waters, 1904, were chemically analyzed by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Light-and transmission electron microscopy of the mantle revealed complex glandular structures, which might be associated with the storage of defensive compounds in analogy to mantle dermal formations described in other nudibranchs. Although preliminary in situ repellence bioassays with live specimens of the nudibranch showed avoidance against the Antarctic generalist sea star predator Odontaster validus, the specific role of the terpene granuloside requires further investigation. The egg masses do not present granuloside, and the glandular structures are absent in the trochophore larvae. Our results suggest that C. granulosa synthesizes granuloside de novo in early stages of its ontogeny, instead of obtaining it from the prey. Considering the wide geographic area inhabited by this slug, this may be advantageous, because natural products produced by the slug will not be affected by fluctuant food availability. Overall, the Antarctic sea slug C. granulosa seems to possess defensive strategies that are similar, in terms of production and storage, to nudibranchs from other regions of the world. This species is one of the few cladobranchs investigated so far that present de novo biosynthesis of a defensive compound.
机译：裸udi腹足纲动物壳的损失与进化过程中化学防御策略的获得有关，例如使用天然产物阻止捕食。在本研究中，我们调查了最近从1906年从南极裸udi属Charcotia granulosa Vayssisre分离出的同型三萜内酯Granuloside（1）的起源，位置和假定作用。 1904年的沃特斯（Waters）通过色谱和光谱技术进行了化学分析。地幔的光镜和透射电子显微镜显示出复杂的腺体结构，这可能与防御化合物的储藏有关，类似于其他裸露分支中描述的地幔皮形成。尽管初步的裸露生物活体原位驱避生物测定表明可以避免对南极洲的全能海星捕食者Odontaster Validus的使用，但萜烯颗粒的特殊作用尚需进一步研究。卵块中不存在粒状糖苷，在次线体幼虫中不存在腺结构。我们的结果表明，C。granulosa会在其个体发育的早期阶段合成no novo的granuloside，而不是从猎物中获得。考虑到该居住的地理区域广，这可能是有利的，因为由by生产的天然产物将不受粮食供应波动的影响。总体而言，南极海参C. granulosa的防御策略在生产和储藏方面与世界其他地区的裸枝相似。该物种是迄今为止研究的少数能够从头生物合成防御化合物的分支分支之一。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2016年第3期|54.1-54.11|共11页
  • 作者

    Moles Juan; Waegele Heike; Cutignano Adele; Fontana Angelo; Avila Conxita;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol Invertebrates, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain|Univ Barcelona, Biodivers Res Inst IrBIO, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain|Zool Forsch Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany|CNR, Ist Chim Biomol, Bioorgan Chem Lab, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Naples, Italy;

    Zool Forsch Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany;

    CNR, Ist Chim Biomol, Bioorgan Chem Lab, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Naples, Italy;

    CNR, Ist Chim Biomol, Bioorgan Chem Lab, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Naples, Italy;

    Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol Invertebrates, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain|Univ Barcelona, Biodivers Res Inst IrBIO, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain;

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