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Mechanisms involved in pearlfish resistance to holothuroid toxins

机译：珍珠鱼对类胡萝卜素毒素的抗性机制

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摘要

Holothuroids produce triterpenoid saponins that act as chemical defenses against predators and parasites. These saponins interact with sterols of the plasma membranes, inducing the formation of pores and then cell lysis. To avoid such harms from their own saponins, holothuroids present specific sterols in their tissues. Despite the noxious cytotoxic effect of their chemical defenses, holothuroids host various associates that display specific adaptations to resist to saponin toxicity. Among them, symbiotic carapid fishes (i.e., pearlfishes) are resistant to ichthyotoxic saponins as they display no stress response and a survival time 45 times longer than free-living fishes without any specific gill adaptation. The present study aims at discovering the resistance mechanism(s) developed by carapids by addressing 3 hypotheses: carapids have (1) a mechanical barrier against the toxin constituted by a larger secretion of mucus than other fishes, (2) a bioactive barrier against the toxins constituted by a mucus effective on saponins and (3) a Delta(7)sterol tissue composition mimicking holothuroids that enable them to resist to saponins. First experiments showed that the mucus has no effective impact on saponin chemical structures. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that carapids, similarly to non-symbiotic fishes but contrary to their hosts, present a Delta(5)sterol tissue composition. However, two different procedures have shown that carapids produce six to ten times more mucus than control fishes, suggesting that a great quantity of mucus can protect carapids from their host's saponins and acts as a mechanical barrier against toxins. Therefore, these results provide a new understanding of the carapids-holothuroids relationship.
机译：类胡萝卜素产生三萜皂苷，可作为化学防御剂抵抗天敌和寄生虫。这些皂苷与质膜的固醇相互作用，诱导形成孔，然后裂解细胞。为了避免自身皂苷的这种伤害，类人猿在其组织中存在特定的固醇。尽管其化学防御作用具有有害的细胞毒性作用，但类人猿仍携带各种表现出对皂苷毒性抵抗力的特定适应性的同伴。其中，共生的Carapid鱼（即珍珠鱼）对鱼鳞鱼有毒的皂苷具有抗性，因为它们无应激反应，且存活时间比没有任何特定g适应的自由生存鱼长45倍。本研究旨在通过解决3个假设来发现甲壳虫产生的抗性机制：甲壳虫具有（1）对抗毒素的机械屏障，该屏障由比其他鱼类更大的粘液分泌构成；（2）对抗甲鱼的生物活性屏障。由对皂苷有效的粘液构成的毒素和（3）模仿类胡萝卜素的Delta（7）甾醇组织成分，使它们能够抵抗皂苷。最初的实验表明，粘液对皂苷的化学结构没有有效影响。质谱分析表明，腕足类动物与非共生鱼类相似，但与寄主相反，呈现出Delta（5）固醇组织成分。但是，两种不同的方法表明，腕果比对照鱼产生的粘液多六到十倍，这表明大量的粘液可以保护腕果免受宿主皂角苷的破坏，并成为抵抗毒素的机械屏障。因此，这些结果提供了对腕骨-类胡萝卜素关系的新认识。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2016年第6期|129.1-129.14|共14页
  • 作者

    Brasseur Lola; Parmentier Eric; Caulier Guillaume; Vanderplanck Maryse; Michez Denis; Flammang Patrick; Gerbaux Pascal; Lognay Georges; Eeckhaut Igor;

  • 作者单位

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Biol Marine Organisms & Biomimet Unit, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    Univ Liege ULG, Lab Morphol, B6 Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Biol Marine Organisms & Biomimet Unit, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Zool Lab, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Zool Lab, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Biol Marine Organisms & Biomimet Unit, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Organ Synth & Mass Spectrometry Lab, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

    ULG, Unit Analyt Chem, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, 2 Passage Deportes, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;

    Univ Mons UMONS, Res Inst Biosci, Biol Marine Organisms & Biomimet Unit, 23 Pl Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium;

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