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首页> 外文期刊>Marine biology >Juvenile-adult associations in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. droebachiensis): protection from predation and hydrodynamics in S. franciscanus
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Juvenile-adult associations in sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. droebachiensis): protection from predation and hydrodynamics in S. franciscanus

机译：海胆（Strongylocentrotus franciscanus和S. droebachiensis）中的少年-成人协会：防止S. franciscanus遭受捕食和水动力

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Juvenile red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, aggregate under adult conspecifics, whereas sympatric juvenile green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, are typically more solitary and dispersed. Neither the potential advantage of juvenile sheltering nor the differences in post-settlement behavior between the two species has been demonstrated experimentally, but may be related to protection from predators and/or hydrodynamics. In predation experiments, juvenile vulnerability differed in the two species as the seastar Pycnopodia heliantho-ides consistently chose juvenile S. franciscanus over S. droebachiensis (100% vs. 0%). When associated with adults, juvenile mortality decreased dramatically in S. franciscanus (90% alone vs. 5% with adults), but very little in S. droebachiensis (85% vs. 75%). Not surprisingly, juvenile behavioral responses in the two species reflect this difference in vulnerability. Juvenile S. franciscanus sheltered under adults when predation risk was high, but not when risk was low (44% vs. 13%), whereas sheltering in S. droebachiensis was infrequent and not related to predation risk (7% for high risk versus 5% for low risk). From a hydrodynamic perspective, the presence of an adult led to the creation of a hydrodynamic refuge for juveniles, where average water velocities were reduced by > 60% around the adult urchin. Again, striking differences in sheltering rate were apparent in S. franciscanus (52% vs. 13% for high flow and low flow, respectively), but not S. droebachiensis (5% for high flow versus 4% for low flow). Sheltering behavior was also species-specific as juveniles did not shelter at high rates under adults of the opposite species (≤ 16%). A field survey confirmed these finding in that juvenile S. franciscanus abundance was associated with both adults and water motion (R~2 = 0.80, P = 0.008, best-subsets regression). These results suggest that sheltering confers juvenile S. franciscanus with a degree of protection from predators and water motion, and that species-specific differences in this post-settlement behavior may be related to the differences in the protection afforded by adults.
机译：幼年的红海胆，强壮的圆角线虫，聚集在成年种下，而同胞的幼年的海胆，强壮的圆角线虫droebachiensis，通常更孤独和分散。既未通过实验证明过青少年庇护的潜在优势，也未证明这两种物种在定居后行为上的差异，但可能与防止捕食和/或水动力有关。在捕食实验中，这两个物种的幼年脆弱性有所不同，因为海星Pycnopodia heliantho-ides始终选择幼小S. franciscanus而不是droebachiensis（100％vs. 0％）。当与成年人相关时，方济各链球菌的少年死亡率显着降低（单独的比例为90％，成年人为5％），而德氏链球菌则很少（85％比75％）。毫不奇怪，这两个物种中的青少年行为反应反映出这种脆弱性的差异。在捕食风险高的情况下，少年弗朗西斯科犬躲在成人下，但在风险低时则不成年（44％对13％），而在德雷巴链球菌中的捕食很少，与捕食风险无关（高风险为7％，对5 ％（低风险）。从流体动力学的角度来看，成年人的存在导致了为青少年建立了流体动力学的避难所，其中成年海胆周围的平均水速降低了60％以上。同样，在弗朗西斯科链球菌（S. franciscanus）中，庇护率有显着差异（分别为52％和13％，高流量和低流量），而无枝链球菌（S. droebachiensis）（高流量为5％，低流量为4％）。庇护行为也是特定于物种的，因为在相反物种的成年（≤16％）下，少年没有以高比率躲避。一项实地调查证实了这些发现，因为幼年方球菌的丰度与成年人和水运动有关（R〜2 = 0.80，P = 0.008，最佳子集回归）。这些结果表明，庇护所赋予少年链球菌一定程度的保护，使其免受掠食者和水运动的影响，并且这种定居后行为的物种特异性差异可能与成年人提供的保护差异有关。

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