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Parasitism can influence the intertidal zonation of non-host organisms

机译：寄生可能会影响非寄主生物的潮间带分区

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摘要

Zonation of organisms in soft-bottom intertidal habitats is mainly a consequence of the tidal sorting of the substrate and how benthic organisms respond to it, with predation and competition also playing a role. Although parasites are ubiquitous in these habitats and known agents of community structure, their impact on zonation is rarely considered. Here, using observational and experimental data, we show that parasitism of the cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi by echinostome trema-todes has both direct and indirect effects on the zonation of four other animals associated with cockles on a New Zealand tidal flat. The trematodes encyst in the foot of cockles, leaving heavily infected cockles unable to bury and lying exposed on the sediment surface. Whereas cockle density peaks in the mid intertidal zone, both infection intensity by trematodes and density of surfaced cockles increase linearly towards the shore; this influences the vertical zonation of animals attaching to or feeding on cockles. First, the relative abundance of the whelk Cominella glandiformis increase exponentially shoreward, as does its rate of predation on cockles; the effect of the parasite on the cockles' burying ability has thus shifted the peak abundance of whelk predators towards the upper tidal level, away from peak cockle densities. Second, the density of the anemone Antho-pleura aureoradiata, corrected for the availability of its cockle substrate, peaks in the lower intertidal zone, although a transplantation experiment revealed that anemones can survive higher up the shore if attached to buried cockles. Anemones on exposed cockles are susceptible to desiccation, and thus again the parasite-induced surfacing of cockles at higher tidal levels plays a role by decreasing substrate availability for anemones. Third, densities of the limpet Notoacmea helmsi increase rapidly toward higher tidal levels, where limpets graze the surfaces of empty cockle shells or live surfaced cockles. The availability of both substrates used by limpets is influenced either directly (surfaced cockles) or indirectly (empty shells, via whelk predation) by parasitism. Fourth, the fish Notolabrus celidotus feeds on cockles by cropping their foot. Although the lower intertidal is submerged for longer and cockle densities peak in the mid intertidal, the frequency of foot-cropping by fish peaks in the upper tidal levels, where parasitism maintains a high density of surfaced cockles. Our results are the first demonstration that parasitism of a key species can influence the zonation of non-host organisms, a phenomenon likely to occur in other systems.
机译：软底潮间带生境中的生物区划主要是潮汐对底物进行分选的结果，以及底栖生物对底物的反应方式，捕食和竞争也起着作用。尽管寄生虫在这些生境和社区结构的已知媒介中无处不在，但很少考虑它们对分区的影响。在这里，使用观察和实验数据，我们发现棘皮动物棘皮虫的棘皮A虫寄生在新西兰潮滩上对与另外四只与蛤相关的动物的分区有直接和间接影响。吸虫的胞囊包裹在鸟蛤的脚下，使受感染严重的鸟蛤无法掩埋，也无法暴露在沉积物表面。鸟蛤密度在潮间带中部达到峰值，而吸虫的感染强度和表层蛤的密度都朝着海岸线性增加。这会影响附着或以鸟蛤为食的动物的垂直区域。首先，海螺Cominella glandiformis的相对丰富度呈指数向岸增加，其捕食率也增加了。因此，寄生虫对蛤的掩埋能力的影响使海el捕食者的峰值丰度朝着较高的潮汐水平移动，远离峰值蛤的密度。第二，尽管经过移植实验表明，如果海葵附着在被掩埋的海les上，则海葵可以存活到更高的海岸，尽管海藻Antho-pleura aureoradiata的密度已根据海蛤底材的可利用性进行校正，但在潮间带的下部却达到了峰值。暴露的蛤les上的海葵很容易干燥，因此，在较高的潮汐水平下，寄生虫诱导的蛤les的表皮又通过降低海葵的底物利用率发挥了作用。第三，帽贝Notoacmea helmsi的密度朝着较高的潮汐水平迅速增加，其中帽贝在空的鸟蛤壳或活的鸟蛤表面上吃草。寄生虫直接或间接地（通过蛤les捕食空壳）影响了被帽贝使用的两种底物的可用性。第四，Notolabrus celidotus鱼以cock为食，以蛤为食。尽管下潮间带被淹没的时间更长，并且潮间带中的鸟蛤密度达到顶峰，但是鱼被-足的频率在潮汐上层达到顶峰，在这里，寄生虫维持着高密度的鸟蛤表面。我们的结果首次证明关键物种的寄生性会影响非宿主生物的分区，这种现象很可能在其他系统中发生。

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  • 来源
    《Marine biology》 |2005年第1期|p.1-11|共11页
  • 作者

    K. N. Mouritsen; R. Poulin;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Finlandsgade 14, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 环境生物学;
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