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Low recruitment, high tissue loss, and juvenile mortality limit recovery of kelp following large-scale defoliation

机译：低募集，高组织损失和幼年死亡率限制了大规模脱叶后海带的恢复

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摘要

Low recruitment due to limitations of propagule supply or post-settlement survival reinforces dominance of turf algal assemblages that replace canopy algae following large-scale losses. However, post-recruitment processes that hinder juvenile growth and survival (epiphytic overgrowth, grazing, physical stress) also could impede recovery. To evaluate the contribution of recruitment, growth, and survival of young sporophytes to recovery of degraded kelp populations and key factors driving post-recruitment tissue loss and mortality, we followed cohorts of juvenile kelp Saccharina latissima at two defoliated sites in Nova Scotia. We also monitored kelp recruitment, abundance, size structure, and macroalgal composition for 5.5 years. Recruit densities were an order of magnitude lower compared to previous studies in the region. Large decreases in blade area of juveniles were related to cover by the invasive bryozoan Membranipora membranacea, grazing by small snails Lacuna vincta, and warm seawater temperatures. Cohort survival was low (time to 50% mortality 2.5-5.5 months) and increased risk of death was directly related to bryozoan encrustation. Modest seasonal or interannual gains in kelp abundance were lost during periods of peak temperature, which showed a warming trend during the study, favouring persistence of widespread turf-forming, opportunistic and invasive algae. We conclude that low recruitment success, high rate of tissue loss relative to growth, and high mortality, inhibited kelp recovery. Impacts of epiphytic overgrowth, grazing, and warm temperatures on these processes highlight the need to protect intact kelp populations, growing in favourable conditions, to maintain positive interactions that increase resilience to undesirable regime shifts.
机译：由于繁殖体供应的限制或定居后的生存而造成的低招聘，增强了在大规模损失后取代草冠藻的草皮藻类组合的优势。但是，招聘后的过程会阻碍少年的成长和生存（附生的过度生长，放牧，身体压力）也可能阻碍恢复。为了评估年轻孢子体的募集，生长和存活对退化海带种群恢复的影响以及驱动招募后组织损失和死亡率的关键因素，我们追踪了新斯科舍省两个落叶地点的少年海带Saccharina latissima。我们还监测了5.5年的海带募集，丰度，大小结构和大型藻类成分。与该地区以前的研究相比，招聘密度要低一个数量级。幼虫叶片面积的大幅度减少与侵入性苔藓虫Membranipora membranacea的覆盖，小蜗牛Lacuna vincta的放牧以及海水温度升高有关。队列生存率低（50％的死亡率为2.5-5.5个月），死亡风险增加与苔藓虫结壳直接相关。在峰值温度期间，海带丰度没有适度的季节性或年度增长，这在研究期间显示出变暖的趋势，有利于持久形成草皮，机会性和侵入性藻类。我们得出的结论是，募集成功率低，相对于生长的组织损失率高以及死亡率高，抑制了海带的恢复。附生的过度生长，放牧和温暖的温度对这些过程的影响突出表明，有必要保护在有利条件下生长的完整海带种群，以维持积极的相互作用，从而增加对不利的制度转变的适应力。

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