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Weak directional selection on inducible defensive shell traits in a marine gastropod by the inducing shell-breaking predator

机译：诱导壳壳捕食者在海洋胃水中诱导防守壳特征的弱定向选择

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摘要

Predation can drive variation in prey phenotypes by selecting for both constitutive and inducible defensive traits, which can act in concert to protect prey from predators. To understand the adaptive evolution of prey traits it is important to determine which traits are true targets of natural selection. Selection gradient analysis is a useful tool for doing this. We combined field surveys of the extensive intraspecific variation in defensive shell traits of the intertidal whelk Nucella lamellosa with laboratory experiments to determine which traits were associated with risk of crab predation, and which traits were under selection by the whelks' major crab predator, Cancer productus. Field surveys showed strong associations between risk of crab predation and shell shape, shell thickness, and apertural area, but not apertural teeth. Laboratory choice experiments in which crabs were offered a variety of whelk shell morphs revealed that thinner-shelled whelks with wider apertures were consumed significantly more often than thicker-shelled whelks with narrower apertures, confirming previous findings, and resulting in positive selection differentials for these traits. However, multiple logistic regression revealed that only shell thickness, and none of the other traits measured, had a significant effect on whelk survival, indicating only weak directional selection for this trait. The mechanism for crabs selecting for shell thickness in whelks is likely through increased handling time and decreased profitability. Given that shell thickness is a phenotypically plastic trait induced by C. productus, future work should examine the degree to which selection by crabs acts on both constitutive levels and inducibility of shell thickness in N. lamellosa.
机译：通过选择构成和诱导的防御性状，捕食可以通过选择构成和诱导的防御性状来驱动猎物表型的变化，这可以与音乐会一起行动以保护捕食者免受捕食者。要了解猎物特征的自适应演变，确定哪些特征是自然选择的真实目标是重要的。选择梯度分析是这样做的有用工具。我们将田间调查结合了跨期春季核菌蛋白蛋白的防守壳特理性的广泛内化变化与实验室实验，以确定哪种性状与螃蟹捕食的风险有关，并且由Whelks的主要蟹捕食者，癌症产品选择哪种特征。现场调查显示螃蟹捕食风险与壳体形状，壳体厚度和开口区域的风险之间的强烈关联，但不具有孔径齿。实验室选择实验，其中螃蟹提供了各种WHELK壳变形，揭示了具有更宽孔的较薄的壳的炮弹比较较大的孔的孔，确认先前发现，并导致这些特征的正选择差异。然而，多个逻辑回归揭示了只有壳体厚度，并且没有测量的其他特征都没有对WHELK存活的显着影响，表明该特征的弱方向选择。选择壳厚度的螃蟹机构可能通过增加的处理时间和降低盈利能力。考虑到壳体厚度是C. Productus诱导的表型塑性特征，未来的工作应检查螃蟹选择的程度作用于N.Labellosa中的壳体厚度的组成型水平和壳体厚度的诱导性。

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    《Marine biology》 |2021年第5期|58.1-58.12|共12页
  • 作者

    McIntire Lily C.; Kotas Tatiana; Flagor Torre E.; Bourdeau Paul E.;

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    Humboldt State Univ Dept Biol Sci Arcata CA 95521 USA|Telonicher Marine Lab 570 Ewing St Trinidad CA 95570 USA|San Diego State Univ Dept Biol San Diego CA 92182 USA;

    Humboldt State Univ Dept Biol Sci Arcata CA 95521 USA|Telonicher Marine Lab 570 Ewing St Trinidad CA 95570 USA;

    Humboldt State Univ Dept Biol Sci Arcata CA 95521 USA|Telonicher Marine Lab 570 Ewing St Trinidad CA 95570 USA;

    Humboldt State Univ Dept Biol Sci Arcata CA 95521 USA|Telonicher Marine Lab 570 Ewing St Trinidad CA 95570 USA;

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