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Predator-induced morphologies and cue specificity in veliger larvae of Littorina scutulata

机译：捕食者的形态和提示特异性的黄皮小夜蛾幼虫

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摘要

Examples of phenotypic plasticity are well documented, especially in the context of predator-prey interactions. However, evidence of inducible defenses is scarce in marine larvae. In order to better understand morphological plasticity in the larvae of the gastropod Littorina scutulata, we exposed veligers to predatory zoeae of Hemigrapsus nudus. The treatments included growing veliger larvae in the presence of predators and growing veliger larvae in the presence of predators consuming conspecific veliger larvae. When compared to controls in seawater, veligers developed rounder shells, smaller apertures, and thicker apertural margins in response to the presence of predators. In the presence of predators consuming conspecific veliger larvae, veligers formed smaller apertures and the thickest shell margins, but the shell shape was not significantly different from control veligers. The different responses to different treatments with planktonic predators indicate that larvae can vary shell characteristics and may indicate a trade-off reflective of cue-specific defenses indicative of risk. The induced defenses resulted in enhanced survival of veligers exposed to predators. The use of a different species of predatory crab zoeae and measurement of an additional shell response variable validates and broadens an earlier report of inducible phenotypic plasticity in gastropod veliger larvae (Vaughn 2007; Ecology 88:1030-1039).
机译：表型可塑性的例子已得到充分证明，尤其是在捕食者与猎物相互作用的背景下。然而，在海洋幼虫中缺乏可诱导防御的证据。为了更好地了解腹足纲小菜蛾幼虫的幼虫的形态可塑性，我们将食肉动物暴露于裸mig（Hemigrapsus nudus）的掠食性动物园。治疗包括在存在掠食者的情况下生长食虫幼虫，在存在消耗同种VEliger幼虫的食肉动物的情况下生长veliger幼虫。与海水中的对照相比，由于掠食性动物的存在，食肉动物的贝壳变得更圆，孔口更小，开孔边缘更厚。在食肉动物吃同种食肉蝇幼虫的情况下，食肉蝇形成较小的孔和最厚的壳缘，但是壳的形状与对照食肉蝇没有显着差异。对浮游性捕食者的不同处理的不同反应表明，幼虫可以改变壳的特征，并且可能表明需要权衡反映提示风险的提示特定防御。诱导的防御导致暴露于捕食者的食肉动物的存活期延长。使用不同种类的捕食性蟹类细菌，以及测量其他壳反应变量，可以验证并扩大早期腹足纲象虫幼虫诱导型表型可塑性的报道（Vaughn 2007； Ecoology 88：1030-1039）。

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