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Active and species-specific dispersal behaviour in a marine nematode cryptic species complex

机译：海洋线虫隐性物种复合体中的主动和特定物种的扩散行为

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摘要

Dispersal is a 3-step process, consisting of a departure, transience and settlement step. In marine nematodes, dispersal is expected to be passive because nematodes lack an active planktonic phase. The transoceanic distribution of several species suggests effective large-scale dispersal. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether nematodes can actively influence their dispersal and whether species-specific differences exist. Such differences could contribute to the commonly observed co-existence of ecologically similar species. Three separate experiments were conducted on 4 species of the cryptic species complex of Litoditis marina (Pm I, Pm II, Pm III and Pm IV) to test the effect of species identity and behaviour in the dispersal steps. A flume experiment demonstrated that nematode emergence increased with increasing flow speed and that they could also actively emerge from decomposing algae (departure step). Movement analysis of nematodes in seawater highlighted behaviour which contributes to the transience step. The settlement experiment demonstrated that L. marina can choose on which substratum to settle in still water. Species-specific differences were found in the departure and transience steps. In the departure step, Pm IV exhibited more active behaviour than Pm I. In the transience step, Pm II and Pm IV showed the highest body bend frequency. These species-specific differences correspond with geographical distribution patterns, which are smaller in the species with weaker dispersal behaviour, and lend support to the idea that dispersal can facilitate coexistence of closely related species through a trade-off between competition and dispersal.
机译：分散是一个三步过程，包括出发，短暂和定居步骤。在海洋线虫中，由于线虫缺乏活性的浮游相，因此预期扩散是被动的。几个物种的越洋分布表明有效的大规模分散。然而，目前尚不清楚线虫是否可以积极影响其扩散以及是否存在物种特异性差异。这种差异可能有助于共同观察到生态相似物种的共存。对滨海石斑鱼的4种隐性物种复合物（Pm I，Pm II，Pm III和Pm IV）进行了三个单独的实验，以测试物种身份和行为在分散步骤中的影响。一项水槽实验表明，线虫的出现随着流速的增加而增加，并且它们也可以通过分解藻类（离去步骤）而活跃地出现。海水中线虫的运动分析突出了行为，这有助于瞬态步骤。沉降实验表明，滨海乳杆菌可以选择在静止水中沉降的基质。在离开和短暂步骤中发现了特定于物种的差异。在离开步骤中，Pm IV表现出比Pm I更多的主动行为。在短暂步骤中，Pm II和Pm IV显示最高的身体弯曲频率。这些特定于物种的差异与地理分布模式相对应，地理分布模式在具有较弱的传播行为的物种中较小，这为以下观点提供了支持：传播可以通过竞争与传播之间的权衡来促进紧密相关物种的共存。

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