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Seasonal sea ice dynamics drive movement and migration of juvenile bearded seals Erignathus barbatus

机译：季节性海冰动力学驱动幼胡子海豹的运动和迁移

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We analyzed how juvenile bearded seals Erignathus barbatus use and move through sea ice and consider how future ice conditions might affect bearded seal distribution and behavior. In October 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2009, we tagged 29 (16 female and 13 male) juvenile (0-2 yr old) bearded seals with Argos satellite transmitters in Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, USA, who then freely moved through the Chukchi and Bering Seas. Movement data were initially analyzed using behavior discriminating state-space models. These results were subsequently analyzed with mixed-effects models to relate inferred behavioral state to environmental variables (sea ice, water depth, season, distance to ice edge) and then with a modified resource selection function using the same environmental variables. Sea ice concentration was highly predictive of use, but had a non-linear effect, with seals preferring intermediate concentrations and areas closer to the ice edge (defined here as 15% sea ice concentration). Behavior was also affected by sea ice and other environmental conditions. When seals were in dense sea ice, they were likely to express an encamped movement pattern; when in open water or sparse ice, they tended to express transiting behavior. The seasonal migratory behavior of bearded seals, at least in juveniles, appears to result from tracking the sea ice edge as it seasonally expands and recedes over the Bering and Chukchi continental shelves. The association with the ice edge suggests that bearded seal habitat will shift as the climate warms.
机译：我们分析了幼胡子海豹如何在海冰中使用和移动，并考虑了未来的冰情可能如何影响海豹的分布和行为。在2004年10月，2005年，2006年和2009年，我们用Argos卫星发射器在美国阿拉斯加的Kotzebue Sound标记了29名（女性16岁，男性13岁）胡须海豹（0-2岁），然后自由移动穿过楚科奇峰和白令海。最初使用区分行为的状态空间模型分析运动数据。随后，使用混合效应模型对这些结果进行分析，以将推断的行为状态与环境变量（海冰，水深，季节，到冰边缘的距离）相关联，然后使用相同的环境变量与修改后的资源选择函数进行分析。海冰浓度可以高度预测使用情况，但会产生非线性影响，海豹喜欢中间浓度和更靠近冰缘的区域（此处定义为15％海冰浓度）。行为也受到海冰和其他环境条件的影响。当海豹在密密的海冰中时，它们可能会表现出扎营的运动模式。在开阔水域或稀疏冰中时，它们倾向于表现出过渡行为。至少在幼年中，胡须海豹的季节性迁徙行为似乎是由于海冰边缘在白令和楚科奇大陆架上的季节性扩张和后退而引起的。与冰缘的联系表明，随着气候变暖，胡须海豹栖息地将发生变化。

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