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Oceanographic conditions in wintering grounds affect arrival date and body condition in breeding female Magellanic penguins

机译：越冬地区的海洋学条件影响着雌性麦哲伦企鹅的到来日期和身体状况

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摘要

Overwintering conditions often impact an individual animal's breeding performance in the following season. These so-called carry-over effects have been demonstrated in birds, including penguins. We studied carry-over effects in Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, a species of conservation concern, breeding at Punta Tombo, Argentina, and wintering from northern Argentina to southern Brazil. We characterized oceanographic conditions in the penguins' wintering grounds from 1982 to 2012 using principal component analysis on weekly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The first principal component represented a weak Rio de la Plata plume and warm SST. The Rio de la Plata plume carries cool, productive, low-salinity water north from the river mouth through the penguins' wintering area. The plume is stronger (extends farther north) when winds blow from the southwest than when winds blow from the northeast. When the Rio de la Plata plume was weak in late winter, females arrived earlier to breed and were in better condition, likely because prey was concentrated in a smaller plume area closer to Punta Tombo. Females that arrived earlier laid eggs earlier, and females laid larger eggs when they arrived earlier and were in better condition. In contrast, body condition of breeding males did not vary with winter conditions. The effects on individual females varied, likely reflecting in part individual foraging ability. A weaker Rio de la Plata plume probably increased prey encounter rates closer to breeding colonies in winter, directly and indirectly improving female body condition, increasing egg size, and resulting in earlier arrival and egg laying.
机译：越冬条件通常会影响下一个季节中单个动物的繁殖性能。这些所谓的残留效应已在鸟类（包括企鹅）中得到证明。我们研究了具有保护意义的麦哲伦企鹅Spheniscus magellanicus的残留效应，该菌在阿根廷蓬塔通博繁殖，并从阿根廷北部到巴西南部越冬。我们使用每周海表温度（SST）异常的主成分分析对1982年至2012年企鹅越冬地的海洋条件进行了表征。第一个主要成分表示柔和的里约热内卢羽状羽毛和温暖的海温。 Rio de la Plata羽流从河口向北穿过企鹅的越冬区，运送凉爽，生产性低盐度的水。从西南方向吹来的风比从东北方向吹来的风更强（向北延伸）。冬季末里约热内卢的羽流较弱时，雌性较早到达繁殖并处于较好状态，这可能是因为猎物集中在更靠近蓬塔通博的较小羽流区域。较早到达的雌性较早产卵，而较早到达且状况较好的雌性则产卵较大。相反，繁殖男性的身体状况并没有随着冬天的状况而变化。对个体雌性的影响各不相同，可能部分反映了个体的觅食能力。较弱的里约热内卢羽流可能会在冬季接近繁殖种群，增加猎物的遭遇率，直接或间接改善雌性身体状况，增加卵的大小，并导致更早到达并产卵。

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