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首页> 外文期刊>Marine ecology progress series >Early metamorphosis is costly and avoided by young, but physiologically competent, marine larvae
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Early metamorphosis is costly and avoided by young, but physiologically competent, marine larvae

机译：幼年但具有生理能力的海生幼虫可避免早期变态，代价高昂，可避免

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Dispersing organisms often cannot assess habitat quality directly, so they employ proxies (cues) to choose habitats that maximise fitness. Theory suggests organisms should settle as soon as they find appropriate cues in order to reduce physiological costs and mortality risk incurred whilst searching. We propose that for planktotrophic marine larvae, when resources are plentiful, development of adult structures during an extended larval phase provide post-metamorphosis benefits that offset the costs of remaining in the plankton. To test this, we measured fitness consequences of metamorphosis in response to habitat cues at a range of developmental maturities in 2 sea urchin larvae, Tripneustes gratilla and Centrostephanus rodgersii. We found larvae that were capable of responding to cues and settling accrued significant benefits if they extended their pelagic development. Compared to more developed larvae, larvae without adult structures took longer to metamorphose, and after metamorphosis were 11 to 25% smaller, 0.1 to 6 times more likely to lack defensive structures and 3 to 13 times more likely to have abnormal morphology. Most early settlers died within 1 wk compared to >40% survival for more developed larvae. We found larvae avoid the costs of early metamorphosis by only responding to low concentrations of cues in the water column once they have adult structures. Our results contrast with models of habitat selection that suggest organisms should settle in habitat quickly to minimise search costs. Incorporating the trade-off between the benefits of larval development and search costs into current models of habitat selection may provide new insights into how fitness consequences affect habitat selection.
机译：分散生物通常无法直接评估栖息地质量，因此它们会使用代理（线索）来选择能够最大程度提高适应能力的栖息地。理论认为，生物应在找到适当线索后尽快安顿下来，以减少搜寻过程中造成的生理成本和死亡风险。我们建议，对于资源丰富的浮游性海洋幼体，在延长的幼体阶段发育成年结构可提供变态后的好处，从而抵消了留在浮游生物中的成本。为了测试这一点，我们测量了2个海胆幼虫，中成虫和罗氏沼虾对各种发育成熟度的栖息地线索响应后，变态的适应性后果。我们发现，如果幼虫能够延长中上层发育，它们能够对线索做出反应并解决它们，因此会产生巨大的收益。与发育较成熟的幼虫相比，没有成年结构的幼虫变态所需的时间更长，并且变态后的幼虫变小了11％至25％，缺乏防御结构的可能性增加了0.1至6倍，而异常形态的可能性增加了3至13倍。大多数早期定居者在1周内死亡，而较发达的幼虫存活率> 40％。我们发现，幼虫一旦具有成年结构，只需对水柱中的低浓度线索做出反应，从而避免了早期变态的代价。我们的结果与生境选择模型相反，该模型建议生物体应尽快定居于生境中以最大程度地降低搜索成本。将幼虫发展的好处和搜索成本之间的权衡纳入当前的生境选择模型中，可以提供有关适应性后果如何影响生境选择的新见解。

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