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Effects of variation in egg energy and exogenous food on larval development in congeneric sea urchins

机译：鸡蛋能量和外源食物变化对同类海胆幼体发育的影响

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Planktotrophic larvae of marine invertebrates develop and grow by utilizing a combination of endogenous materials contained in the egg and exogenous food consumed during development. In general, larger eggs contain more reserves for morphogenesis and metabolism than smaller eggs. Interspecific comparisons among planktotrophic echinoderms have generally found that increased maternal provisioning decreases the length of development in the plankton, leading to the widely held idea that large eggs are likely to be selectively favored in low-food or high-mortality environments. Despite long interest in these patterns, however, few studies have examined how exogenous and endogenous supplies interactively affect larval development in phylogenetically controlled and environmentally relevant contexts. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of both endogenous egg materials and exogenous food supply on larval performance of 3 closely related tropical sea urchin species (Echinometra spp.). We found that egg size was positively correlated with egg energy among these 3 species, and that larvae of species with larger (and more energy-rich) eggs developed more rapidly than those from smaller (and lower-energy) eggs. Likewise, across species, larvae fed higher rations grew more rapidly than those fed less. Length of development was most strongly affected by food level in the species with the smallest eggs. Compared to the lowest food treatment, satiating levels shortened development by 9, 7, and 4 d for E. vanbrunti, E. lucunter, and E. viridis, respectively (listed in order of increasing egg energy). Our study supports the hypothesis that the growth and development of larvae are more strongly affected by exogenous food availability when they develop from lower-energy eggs than when larvae develop from energy-rich eggs.
机译：海洋无脊椎动物的浮生幼虫通过利用卵中所含的内源性物质和发育过程中消耗的外源性食物的组合来发育和生长。通常，大鸡蛋比小鸡蛋具有更多的形态发生和代谢储备。浮游性棘皮动物之间的种间比较通常发现，增加母体供应会减少浮游生物的发育时间，导致人们普遍认为大鸡蛋可能在低食物或高死亡率的环境中有选择地受到青睐。尽管对这些模式有长期兴趣，但是，很少有研究检查在系统发育和环境相关的环境中外源性和内源性供给如何相互作用影响幼虫的发育。我们调查了内源卵物质和外源食物供应对3种密切相关的热带海胆物种（Echinometra spp。）幼虫性能的直接和交互作用。我们发现在这3个物种中，卵的大小与卵的能量呈正相关，并且具有较大（和较高能量）的卵的幼虫比那些较小（和较低能量）的卵的发育更快。同样，在不同物种中，饲喂较高日粮的幼虫比饲喂较少日粮的幼虫生长更快。在鸡蛋最小的物种中，发育时间受食物水平的影响最大。与最低的食物处理相比，饱腹感水平分别使Vanbrunti E.，Lucunter E.和E. viridis的发育分别缩短了9、7和4 d（以增加鸡蛋能量的顺序列出）。我们的研究支持以下假设：幼虫的生长和发育受低能卵发育时的受外源食物供应量的影响要比由高能卵发育出的幼虫受到的影响更大。

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