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首页> 外文期刊>Marine ecology progress series >Feeding deterrency in Antarctic marine organisms: bioassays with the omnivore amphipod Chehimedon femoratus
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Feeding deterrency in Antarctic marine organisms: bioassays with the omnivore amphipod Chehimedon femoratus

机译：南极海洋生物的喂养威慑力：用杂食性两栖动物股骨him（Chehimedon femoratus）进行生物测定

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The main predators of Antarctic benthic organisms are vagile invertebrates, including dense amphipod populations. Marked seasonalities of food availability drive consumers to develop opportunistic behaviors, which favors the evolution of defensive chemistry in potential prey. We used the circumpolar omnivorous amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus and a new feeding preference assay using alginate caviar-textured food pearls to examine the incidence of lipophilic deterrents in Antarctic benthic organisms. The method showed remarkable discriminatory potential for unpalatable metabolites. We obtained a total of 52 fractions from 40 samples that represented 31 species (including sponges, cnidarians, ascidians, a bryozoan, an echinoderm, a hemi-chordate and algae) from the Weddell Sea and the South Shetland Islands. Unpalatability was found in 42 extracts from 26 species. The remaining 10 extracts from 7 samples did not exhibit unpalatability, indicating either that deterrents are contained in fractions not tested here, or that alternative defensive traits might protect these organisms. Within the 4 major taxonomical groups, the ascidians showed the highest repellencies, followed by sponges, cnidarians, and algae. These organisms from distant Antarctic locations may represent both host biosubstrata and potential prey for C. femoratus. Thus, this amphipod could be a significant inducer of chemical protection in its hosts due to the localized and constant contact created by inhabiting and feeding on the same organism. Defense sequestration in specific body-structures, as predicted by the Optimal Defense Theory, was detected in an octocoral sample. We suggest that some of the tested organisms could combine several defensive strategies to prevent predation. Altogether, our results indicate that chemical defenses are broadly used among Antarctic benthic organisms to avoid predation by the opportunistic amphipod C. femoratus, and thus, chemical ecology is a key aspect in the functioning of Antarctic ecosystems.
机译：南极底栖生物的主要捕食者是易变的无脊椎动物，包括密集的两栖动物种群。粮食供应的明显季节性促使消费者发展机会主义行为，这有利于防御性化学物质在潜在猎物中的发展。我们使用了圆极杂食性两栖动物股肠螯虾和一种新的摄食偏好测定法，使用藻酸盐鱼子酱质地的食用珍珠来检查南极底栖生物中亲脂性威慑物的发生率。该方法对难口的代谢物具有显着的区分潜力。我们从40个样品中总共获得了52个馏分，这些样品代表了来自韦德尔海和南设得兰群岛的31个物种（包括海绵，刺胞动物，海鞘，苔藓动物，棘皮动物，半球状柠檬酸盐和藻类）。在来自26个物种的42种提取物中发现了难吃的味道。来自7个样品的其余10种提取物未表现出难吃性，表明在此处未测试的馏分中包含了威慑剂，或者其他防御性状可能会保护这些生物。在四个主要的分类学类别中，海鞘的驱蚊力最高，其次是海绵，刺胞虫和藻类。这些来自遥远南极地点的生物可能既代表宿主生物基质，又代表股肠梭菌的潜在猎物。因此，由于在同一生物上栖息和觅食而引起的局部和持续接触，这种两足动物可能是其宿主化学保护的重要诱因。如最佳防御理论所预测，在八角样本中检测到特定身体结构中的防御隔离。我们建议某些经过测试的生物可以结合多种防御策略来防止掠食。总而言之，我们的结果表明，在南极底栖生物中广泛使用化学防御措施来避免机会性两栖动物短角梭菌的掠食，因此，化学生态学是南极生态系统功能的关键方面。

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