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Size matters for risk assessment and resource allocation in bivalves

机译：双壳类动物的风险评估和资源分配至关重要

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Nonlethal predator effects can significantly influence trophic interactions, and in this study we examined how size relationships between predators and prey would influence the expression of nonlethal predator effects. We assessed how size and vulnerability to predators would influence nonlethal effects in bivalve species common to oyster reefs. We used 2 size classes of mussels Ischadium recurvum, clams Mercenaria mercenaria, and oysters Crassostrea virginica as prey and compared energy allocation and growth of small vs. large bivalves in the presence of Atlantic mud crabs Panopeus herbstii, a common, resident reef predator. After a 45 d field experiment, we observed significant differences in growth among bivalves in response to mud crabs, but the effects were size and species dependent. In the presence of mud crabs, small clams and small oysters grew significantly less soft-tissue, small mussels grew more shell mass, large clams grew less shell mass, and large mussels grew less tissue and shell mass. Significant differences in the growth of larger oysters were not found. Changes in growth reflect resource allocation differences in response to predators and most likely resulted from costs associated with feeding reductions to minimize release of metabolites attractive to predators and/or allocation of additional energy for morphological defense to minimize predation risk. Fecundity is positively correlated with size in bivalves, and the ability to detect predation risk and appropriately allocate resources may be important for future reproductive output of these species. Smaller bivalves were more vulnerable to mud crab predators in laboratory feeding assays. Since size is inversely related to bivalve susceptibility to mud crabs predation, slower growth may lengthen the time that these bivalves are vulnerable to mud crabs and therefore increase their mortality. Results from this study suggest that mud crabs can affect the growth and fecundity of commercially important bivalves by nonlethal interactions and that size is an important consideration when investigating the propagation of nonlethal predator effects.
机译：非致命捕食者的影响可以显着影响营养相互作用，在这项研究中，我们研究了捕食者与猎物之间的大小关系如何影响非致命捕食者的表达。我们评估了捕食者的大小和脆弱性将如何影响牡蛎礁常见的双壳类物种的非致死作用。我们使用2种大小的贻贝贻贝，蛤Mer和牡蛎Crassostrea virginica作为猎物，并比较了常见的常驻礁石捕食者大西洋泥蟹Panopeus herbtii的能量分配和小型与大型双壳类的生长。经过45天的田间试验，我们观察到双壳类动物对泥蟹的生长差异显着，但其影响取决于大小和物种。在有泥蟹的情况下，小蛤and和小牡蛎的软组织生长显着减少，小贻贝的壳质量增加，大蚌的壳质量减少，大贻贝的组织和壳质量减少。未发现大牡蛎的生长存在显着差异。生长的变化反映了对食肉动物的资源分配差异，最可能的原因是与减少饲喂相关的成本，以减少对食肉动物有吸引力的代谢物的释放，和/或分配额外的能量用于形态防御，以最大程度地减少食肉动物的风险。繁殖力与双壳类的大小正相关，发现捕食风险和适当分配资源的能力对于这些物种的未来繁殖输出可能很重要。在实验室喂养试验中，较小的双壳类动物更容易受到泥蟹捕食者的攻击。由于大小与双壳类动物对泥蟹的易感性成反比，因此生长缓慢可能会延长这些双壳类动物易受泥蟹的时间，从而增加它们的死亡率。这项研究的结果表明，泥蟹可以通过非致命相互作用影响商业上重要的双壳类动物的生长和繁殖力，并且在研究非致命捕食者效应的传播时，大小是重要的考虑因素。

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