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Steller sea lion foraging response to seasonal changes in prey availability

机译：斯特勒海狮觅食对猎物可利用性的季节性变化的响应

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摘要

We hypothesized that: (1) Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus diet choice is a function of prey availability, (2) sea lions move to take advantage of times and locations of seasonal prey concentrations and (3) the number present depends on the amount of prey available (numerical response). Over 3 yr, typically on a quarterly basis, in Frederick Sound, SE Alaska, multiple measurements were taken of Steller sea lion abundance (aerial surveys), diet (scats), dive behavior (satellite telemetry) and prey availability and caloric density (nearshore, pelagic and demersal fish surveys). We found that Steller sea lions shifted diet composition in response to changes in prey availability of pollock Theragra chalcogramma, hake Merluccius productus, herring Clupea pallasi and salmon Oncorhyn-chus spp. They selected intermediate-sized fish and avoided small (<10 cm) and large (>60 cm) fish, and moved between areas as prey became available seasonally. The number of sea lions present depended on the amount of prey available; a standing biomass of 500 to 1700 t of prey in a non-breeding area such as Frederick Sound, depending on species composition, can attract and sustain about 500 sea lions. Pollock was more frequent in sea lion diet in inside waters of SE Alaska - including Frederick Sound, Stephens Passage and Lynn Canal - than anywhere else in Alaska and contributed ～1/3 of the dietary energy in Frederick Sound. This finding implies that a diet with substantial year-round contributions from less nutritious, but abundant prey such as pollock can form part of a healthy diet as long as more nutritious prey such as herring, salmon or eulachon Thaleichthys paci-ficus also are consumed. Our study supports the conclusion that the Steller sea lion is an opportunistic marine predator with a flexible foraging strategy that selects abundant, accessible prey and shifts among seasonally available species.
机译：我们假设：（1）斯特勒海狮Eumetopias jubatus的饮食选择取决于猎物的可利用性；（2）海狮移动以利用季节性猎物集中的时间和地点，并且（3）存在的数量取决于捕食者的数量。猎物可用（数字响应）。在阿拉斯加东南部弗雷德里克桑德（Frederick Sound）的3年以上（通常每季度一次），对斯特勒海狮的丰度（航空调查），饮食（粪便），潜水行为（卫星遥测）以及猎物的可用性和热量密度（近岸）进行了多次测量，远洋和深海鱼类调查）。我们发现斯特勒海狮改变了饮食成分，以响应狭鳕Theragra鳞茎，无须产麦卢奇鱼，鲱鱼Clupea pallasi和鲑鱼Oncorhyn-chus spp的猎物可利用性变化。他们选择了中型鱼，避免了小（<10厘米）和大（> 60厘米）鱼，并随着季节的增加而在区域之间移动。存在的海狮数量取决于可猎物的数量。根据物种组成，在弗雷德里克海峡这样的非繁育区中，固定的生物量为500至1700吨，可以吸引并维持约500只海狮。波洛克在阿拉斯加东南部海域的海狮饮食（包括弗雷德里克·桑德，斯蒂芬斯海峡和林恩运河）中饮食的频率比阿拉斯加其他地方都要高，在弗雷德里克·桑德的饮食中贡献了大约1/3的饮食能量。这一发现表明，只要食用了诸如鲱鱼，鲑鱼或欧拉鱼等多营养的猎物，那么从营养较低但丰富的猎物（如狭鳕）中获得的全年营养就可以构成健康饮食的一部分。我们的研究支持以下结论：斯特勒海狮是一种机会主义海洋捕食者，具有灵活的觅食策略，可以选择丰富的可捕食猎物并在季节性可用物种之间进行转移。

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  • 来源
    《Marine ecology progress series》 |2009年第2009期|243-261|共19页
  • 作者

    Michael F. Sigler; Dominic J. Tollit; Johanna J. Vollenweider; John F. Thedinga; David J. Csepp; Jamie N. Womble; Mandy A. Wong; Michael J. Rehberg; Andrew W. Trites;

  • 作者单位

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626, USA;

    Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626, USA;

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626, USA;

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626, USA;

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 17109 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626, USA;

    Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;

    Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Statewide Marine Mammal Program, 525 West 67th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska 99518-1599, USA;

    Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    prey availability; foraging; steller sea lion; prey selection; diet; walleye pollock; herring;

    机译：猎物的可用性;觅食;斯特勒海狮;猎物选择饮食;角膜白斑鳕鲱鱼;

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