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Whale distribution in relation to prey abundance and oceanographic processes in shelf waters of the Western Antarctic Peninsula

机译：鲸鱼在南极半岛架子水域中与猎物丰富度和海洋学过程有关的分布

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摘要

The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a biologically rich area supporting large standing stocks of krill and top predators (including whales, seals and seabirds). Physical forcing greatly affects productivity, recruitment, survival and distribution of krill in this area. In turn, such interactions are likely to affect the distribution of baleen whales. The Southern Ocean GLOBEC research program aims to explore the relationships and interactions between the environment, krill and predators around Marguerite Bay (WAP) in autumn 2001 and 2002. Bathymetric and environmental variables including acoustic backscattering as an indicator of prey abundance were used to model whale distribution patterns. We used an iterative approach employing (1) classification and regression tree (CART) models to identify oceanographic and ecological variables contributing to variability in humpback Megaptera novaeangliae and minke Balaenoptera acutorstrata whale distribution, and (2) generalized additive models (GAMs) to elucidate functional ecological relationships between these variables and whale distribution. The CART models indicated that the cetacean distribution was tightly coupled with zooplankton acoustic volume backscatter in the upper (25 to 100 m), and middle (100 to 300 m) portions of the water column. Whale distribution was also related to distance from the ice edge and bathymetric slope. The GAMs indicated a persistent, strong, positive relationship between increasing zoo-plankton volume and whale relative abundance. Furthermore, there was a lower limit for averaged acoustic volume backscatter of zooplankton below which the relationship between whales and prey was not significant. The GAMs also supported an annual relationship between whale distribution, distance from the ice edge and bathymetric slope, suggesting that these are important features for aggregating prey. Our results demonstrate that during the 2 yr study, whales were consistently and predictably associated with the distribution of zooplankton. Thus, humpback and minke whales may be able to locate physical features and oceanographic processes that enhance prey aggregation.
机译：西部南极半岛（WAP）是一个生物丰富的地区，可为磷虾和顶级捕食者（包括鲸鱼，海豹和海鸟）提供大量常备种群。物理强迫极大地影响了该地区磷虾的生产力，募集，生存和分布。反过来，这种相互作用很可能影响须鲸的分布。南部海洋GLOBEC研究计划旨在探索玛格丽特湾（WAP）周围的环境，磷虾和捕食者之间的关系和相互作用，时间分别为2001年和2002年。测深和环境变量（包括声学后向散射作为猎物丰富度的指标）被用于建模鲸鱼。分布模式。我们使用一种迭代方法，该方法采用（1）分类和回归树（CART）模型来识别造成座头鲸新翅目和小须Bal目鲸分布的海洋和生态变量，以及（2）广义加性模型（GAM）来阐明功能这些变量与鲸鱼分布之间的生态关系。 CART模型表明，鲸类的分布与水柱上部（25至100 m）和中部（100至300 m）的浮游动物声体积反向散射密切相关。鲸鱼的分布也与距冰缘的距离和测深坡度有关。 GAMs表明，浮游动物数量增加与鲸鱼相对丰度之间存在持久，牢固，积极的关系。此外，对浮游动物的平均声量后向散射有一个下限，在此以下，鲸鱼与猎物之间的关系并不明显。 GAM还支持鲸鱼分布，距冰缘的距离和测深坡度之间的年度关系，这表明这些是聚集猎物的重要特征。我们的结果表明，在2年研究中，鲸鱼与浮游动物的分布一致且可预测。因此，座头鲸和小须鲸可能能够找到增强猎物聚集的物理特征和海洋学过程。

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