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首页> 外文期刊>Marine ecology progress series >Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. Ⅱ. Physical defense
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Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. Ⅱ. Physical defense

机译：比较红海和加勒比海海绵的反掠夺性防御。 Ⅱ。身体防御

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In addition to the commonly used chemical defense mechanism against predation, sessile organisms such as terrestrial plants, soft corals and seaweeds are known to have a physical defense mechanism comprising structural elements made of lignin, CaCO_3, silica, etc. Most sponges have siliceous spicules that play a key role as skeletal elements. To date, there has been no evidence to show that these spicules also play a role in defense against predation. It is known that low nutritional value of a prey may make it less susceptible to predation. The siliceous spicules found in sponges are indigestible to predators and so sponges that produce large amounts of these spicules may be less susceptible to predation due to their low nutritional value. In the present study, we tested the physical defenses of 6 Red Sea sponge species and 6 Caribbean sponge species against the gen-eralist Red Sea wrasse Thalassoma klunzingeri. Physical defense of the 6 species collected in the Red Sea was also tested using the Caribbean wrasse T. bifasciatum. The spicules of 4 out of the 6 Red Sea sponges deterred predation by T. klunzingeri. Two out of the 6 Caribbean sponges were found to deter predation by T. klunzingeri. In assays conducted in the Bahamas on the Caribbean wrasse T. bifasciatum, only 1 Red Sea sponge species, Suberites clavatus, was found to be physically defended by its spicules. A positive correlation was found between the size of the spicules and their ability to deter predation by T. klunzingeri. Only spicules larger than ～250 μm deterred predation. On the other hand, T. bifasciatum seemed to be deterred based on reduced nutritional quality resulting from high concentration of spicules in a sponge, irrespective of their size. The combination of Crella cyatophora spicules and crude chemical extract deterred predation to a greater extent than that observed for each defense mechanism separately. This finding most probably indicates an additive mechanism of defense used by this sponge species.
机译：除了常用的防捕食化学防御机制外，诸如陆生植物，软珊瑚和海藻等固着生物还具有包括由木质素，CaCO_3，二氧化硅等构成的结构元素的物理防御机制。大多数海绵具有硅质针状作为骨骼元素发挥关键作用。迄今为止，还没有证据表明这些针状体在防御捕食中也起作用。众所周知，猎物的低营养价值可能使其不易被捕食。掠食者难以消化海绵中的硅质针剂，因此，产生大量此类针剂的海绵由于其营养价值低，因此不易被捕食。在本研究中，我们测试了6种红海海绵物种和6种加勒比海海绵物种对基因根除红海濑鱼Thalassoma klunzingeri的物理防御能力。还使用加勒比海濑鱼T. bifasciatum对红海中收集的6个物种的物理防御进行了测试。 6个红海海绵中有4个的针刺阻止了T. klunzingeri的捕食。 T. klunzingeri发现6个加勒比海海绵中有2个阻止捕食。在巴哈马对加勒比濑鱼双歧杆菌的分析中，只有1种红海海绵物种Suberites clavatus被其针尖保护。针的大小与其对克劳氏螺旋体捕食的能力之间存在正相关关系。只有大于〜250μm的针才能阻止捕食。另一方面，似乎由于海绵中高浓度的针状茎而无视其大小而导致营养质量下降，因此阻止了双歧锥茎菌的生长。 Crella cyatophora针和粗化学提取物的结合对捕食的抑制作用比对每种防御机制分别观察到的要大。这一发现很可能表明该海绵物种使用了附加的防御机制。

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