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Development of a biological condition assessment index for shallow, subtidal rocky reefs in Southern California, USA

机译：美国南加州浅潮下礁石生物条件评估指标的发展

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摘要

Quantitative biological assessment indices overcome many of the challenges faced when trying to convey the status or trends of complex biological communities with large natural variability, particularly when attempting to evaluate the impacts from human influences. In this paper, we developed a biological condition index for shallow (30m) rocky reefs of the Southern California Bight, evaluated its ability to distinguish healthy from stressed sites, and then applied the index by examining relative correlations with fishing and water quality as ecosystem stressors. We utilized a multivariate, predictive index based on the ratio of observed-to-expected taxa (O/E). O/E indices are relatively common in freshwater environments, but rarely utilized in marine systems and never before applied to rocky reefs. Based on expectations drawn from region-wide reference reefs with the least fishing or water quality stress, the O/E index predicts expected taxa at a new site based on environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, reef area, and slope, among others. The observed taxa at that site are then compared to the predicted taxa to generate index scores; values near unity indicate intact, reference-like communities. Overall, the accuracy of the index was high, with minimal bias, and precision exceeded the performance of an index based on null models (i.e., indices that did not account for natural gradients). The mean index score was significantly higher among reference sites than stressed sites; however, sensitivity was low, as 84% of stressed sites had scores within the range of reference sites. Ultimately, fishing pressure was more correlated with changes in index scores from the non-reference data set than was water quality pressure. This study demonstrates that a multivariate predictive index is feasible in rocky reef assessment and illuminates additional investigative work to continue to advance index development.
机译：定量生物学评估指标克服了试图传达具有较大自然变异性的复杂生物群落的状况或趋势时所面临的许多挑战，尤其是在尝试评估人为影响的过程中。在本文中，我们开发了南加利福尼亚湾浅层（<30m）礁石的生物状况指数，评估了其区分健康地点与压力地点的能力，然后通过研究与捕鱼和水质作为生态系统的相对相关性来应用该指数压力源。我们基于观察到的预期分类群（O / E）的比率利用了一个多变量的预测指标。 O / E指数在淡水环境中相对常见，但在海洋系统中很少使用，并且从未应用于礁石。基于对捕鱼或水质压力最小的区域参考礁石的期望，O / E指数会根据环境因素（例如海面温度，礁石面积和坡度等）预测新地点的预期分类群。然后，将在该站点上观察到的分类单元与预测的分类单元进行比较，以生成索引评分；接近统一的值表示完整的参照类社区。总体而言，该索引的准确性很高，偏差最小，并且精度超过了基于空模型的索引的性能（即不考虑自然梯度的索引）。参考部位的平均指数得分显着高于压力部位。但是，敏感性较低，因为84％的压力部位得分在参考部位范围内。最终，与水质压力相比，捕鱼压力与非参考数据集的指标得分变化之间的相关性更高。这项研究表明，多变量预测指标在岩礁评估中是可行的，并阐明了继续开展指标开发工作的其他调查工作。

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