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Species-specific photosynthetic responses of symbiotic zoanthids to thermal stress and ocean acidification

机译：共生zoanthidids对热应激和海洋酸化的物种特异性光合作用

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Increasing sea-surface temperatures and ocean acidification (OA) are impacting physiologic processes in a variety of marine organisms. Many sea anemones, corals and jellies in the phylum Cnidaria form endosymbiotic relationships with Symbiodinium spp. (phylum Dinoflagellata) supply the hosts with fixed carbon from photosynthesis. Much work has focused on the generally negative effects of rising temperature and OA on calcification in Symbiodinium-coral symbioses, but has not directly measured symbiont photosynthesis in hospite or fixed carbon translocation from symbiont to host. Symbiodinium species or types vary in their environmental tolerance and photosynthetic capacity; therefore, primary production in symbiotic associations can vary with symbiont type. However, symbiont type has not been identified in a large portion of Symbiodinium−cnidarian studies. Future climate conditions and OA may favor non-calcifying, soft-bodied cnidarians, including zoanthids. Here we show that two zoanthid species, Palythoa sp. and Zoanthus sp., harboring different symbiont types (C1 and A4), had very different responses to increased temperature and increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), or dissolved CO2, and low pH. Thermal stress did not affect carbon fixation or fixed carbon translocation in the Zoanthus sp./A4 association, and high pCO2/low pH increased carbon fixation. In contrast, both thermal stress and high pCO2/low pH greatly inhibited carbon fixation in the Palythoa sp./C1 association. However, the combined treatment of high temperature and high pCO2 increased carbon fixation relative to the treatment of high temperature alone. Our observations support the growing body of evidence that demonstrates that the response of symbiotic cnidarians to thermal stress and OA must be considered on a host-specific and symbiont-specific basis. In addition, we show that the effects of increased temperature and pCO2 on photosynthesis may change when these two stressors are combined. Understanding how carbon fixation and translocation varies among different host−symbiont combinations is critical to predicting which Symbiodinium associations may persist in warm, acidified oceans.
机译：海平面温度升高和海洋酸化（OA）正在影响各种海洋生物的生理过程。矢车菊门中的许多海葵，珊瑚和果冻与共生菌属形成共生关系。 （Dinoflagellata门）通过光合作用为宿主提供固定碳。许多工作集中于温度升高和OA对共生菌-珊瑚共生酶钙化的一般负面影响，但尚未直接测量在共生体或共生体到寄主中固定或易位的碳酸盐共生体中的共生光合作用。共生菌种或类型的环境耐受性和光合能力各不相同；因此，共生关联的初级生产可能会因共生体类型而异。然而，共生体-刺胞研究的很大一部分尚未确定共生体类型。未来的气候条件和OA可能会有利于非钙化的，柔软的刺胞，包括带虫的。在这里，我们显示了两个兽类物种，Palythoa sp。 Zoanthus sp。和Zoanthus sp。，具有不同的共生体类型（C1和A4），对升高的温度和升高的CO2分压（pCO2）或溶解的CO2和低pH值具有非常不同的响应。热应力不影响Zoanthus sp./A4关联中的碳固定或固定碳移位，而高pCO2 /低pH值会增加碳固定。相反，热应力和高pCO2 /低pH值都极大地抑制了Palythoa sp./C1关联中的碳固定。但是，相对于单独的高温处理，高温和高pCO2的组合处理会增加碳固定。我们的观察结果支持了越来越多的证据，这些证据表明必须在宿主特异性和共生体特异性的基础上考虑共生cnidarians对热应激和OA的反应。此外，我们表明，当这两个胁迫因子组合使用时，温度和pCO2升高对光合作用的影响可能会发生变化。了解碳固定和易位在不同宿主共生体组合之间如何变化，对于预测哪些共生菌协会可能在温暖的酸化海洋中持续存在至关重要。

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