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Observer presence may alter the behaviour of reef fishes associated with coral colonies

机译：观察员的存在可能会改变与珊瑚群落有关的礁鱼的行为

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Although underwater visual census (UVC) is the most frequently used technique for quantifying reef fish assemblages, remote video analysis has been gaining attention as a potential alternative. In the South Atlantic Ocean, Millepora spp. (class Hydrozoa) are the only branching coral species; however, little is known about the ecological role that they play for reef fish communities. We compared these two observation methods (remote video and UVC) to estimate reef fish abundance and species richness associated with colonies of the fire-coral Millepora alcicornis at Tamandaré Reefs, Northeast Brazil. Additionally, the two different techniques were used to compare species behaviour in association with fire-corals in order to examine the biases associated with each technique and provide useful information for behavioural ecologists studying fish–coral associations. There were no differences in reef fish abundance or species richness sampled by remote video or UVC. However, a significant difference in the behaviour of associated fish was recorded between the two methods. In the presence of a diver carrying out a UVC, fish were observed spending more time sheltered amongst the coral branches compared with passively swimming on coral colonies with the remote video technique. Specifically, on the remote video recordings agonistic interactions between fish and passive swimming accounted for 33.3% and 22.2% of the census time, respectively. By comparison, when observed by a diver fish spent 34.8% of their time sheltering amongst the coral branches. We demonstrate that both techniques are similarly effective for recording fish abundance and species richness associated with fire-corals. However, differences were observed in the ability of each method to detect the behaviour of coral-associated fishes. Our findings show that behavioural ecologists studying complex fish–coral associations need to ensure that their aims are clearly defined and that they choose the most appropriate technique for their study in order to minimize methodological biases.
机译：尽管水下视觉普查（UVC）是最常用的量化礁鱼组合的技术，但远程视频分析作为一种潜在的替代方法已引起人们的关注。在南大西洋，Millenpora spp。 （Hydrozoa类）是唯一的分支珊瑚物种；然而，人们对它们在珊瑚礁鱼类社区中所扮演的生态角色知之甚少。我们比较了这两种观察方法（远程视频和UVC），以估计与巴西东北部Tamandaré礁石的火珊瑚Millepora alcicornis殖民地相关的礁鱼丰度和物种丰富度。此外，两种不同的技术被用来比较火珊瑚与物种行为，以便检查与每种技术有关的偏差，并为研究鱼类与珊瑚的行为生态学家提供有用的信息。通过远程视频或UVC采样，礁鱼的丰度或物种丰富度没有差异。但是，在两种方法之间记录了相关鱼类行为的显着差异。与使用远程视频技术在珊瑚群落上被动游泳相比，在潜水员在场的情况下，观察到鱼在珊瑚分支中停留的时间更长。具体而言，在远程录像中，鱼类与被动游泳之间的激动互动分别占普查时间的33.3％和22.2％。相比之下，当潜水员观察到时，鱼将其34.8％的时间掩藏在珊瑚树枝中。我们证明了这两种技术在记录鱼类丰富度和与火珊瑚有关的物种丰富度方面都具有相似的效果。但是，在每种方法检测与珊瑚有关的鱼的行为的能力上观察到差异。我们的研究结果表明，研究复杂的鱼类与珊瑚之间关系的行为生态学家需要确保明确定义其目标，并选择最合适的技术进行研究，以最大程度地减少方法学上的偏见。

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