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首页> 外文期刊>Marine ecology >Cheats in a cooperative behaviour? Behavioural differences and breakdown of cooperative behaviour in aggregating, intertidal littorinids (Mollusca)
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Cheats in a cooperative behaviour? Behavioural differences and breakdown of cooperative behaviour in aggregating, intertidal littorinids (Mollusca)

机译：在合作行为中作弊？潮间聚集的潮间虫（软体动物）的行为差异和合作行为分解

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Cooperative behaviours result in the evolution of cheats: individuals that benefit from the behaviour without sharing the costs required to generate the behaviour. Normally the proportion of cheats is small, as large numbers of cheats will result in the breakdown of the behaviour. Using empirical and simulation-derived results we demonstrate a cooperative behaviour (aggregation between two species of intertidal snails that provides a benefit by reducing desiccation stress) that shows many characteristics similar to those of a cooperative system with cheats present. In this system, the high rocky shore littorinid Echinolittorina malaccana forages for longer after high water than Echinolittorina radiata, which stops foraging and begins to form aggregations earlier. Nevertheless, E. malaccana, the 'cheat' in this system, still occupies an equal proportion of the most beneficial places in aggregations. Computer simulations demonstrate that up to 65% of individual snails can show the behaviour of E. malaccana before the breakdown of this aggregation behaviour begins to occur through aggregations becoming smaller, and hence less effective against desiccation. The high proportion of 'cheats' possible in this cooperative behaviour implies that different selective pressures may act on individuals of different species in multi-species cooperative behaviours to those acting on individuals engaging in single species cooperative behaviours. Social symbiosis appears to be occurring between the species, but it appears that both mutualistic and parasitic symbioses are occurring.
机译：合作行为会导致作弊行为的演变：从行为中受益的个人无需承担产生行为所需的费用。通常，作弊的比例很小，因为大量作弊会导致行为崩溃。使用经验和模拟得出的结果，我们演示了一种协作行为（两种潮间蜗牛之间的聚集，可通过降低干燥压力提供好处），该行为表现出与存在作弊行为的协作系统相似的许多特征。在该系统中，高水位后的岩岸滨藜Echinolittorina malaccana的觅食时间要比Echinolittorina radiata更长，它们会停止觅食并较早地开始形成聚集体。然而，该系统中的“骗子”马六甲大肠杆菌仍占据聚集体中最有利位置的相等比例。计算机仿真表明，高达65％的单个蜗牛可以通过聚集变小而开始出现这种聚集行为的破坏，从而表明马六甲大肠杆菌的行为，因此对干燥的效果较差。在这种合作行为中可能存在的“作弊”比例很高，这意味着在多物种合作行为中，不同的选择压力可能作用于不同物种的个体，而在单一物种的合作行为中，这些选择压力可能作用于个体。物种之间似乎发生了社会共生，但似乎同时存在着共生和寄生共生。

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