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Habitat heterogeneity and its influence on benthic biodiversity in oxygen minimum zones

机译：最低氧区的生境异质性及其对底栖生物的影响

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摘要

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs; midwater regions with O_2 concentrations <0.5 ml l~(-1)) are mid-water features that intercept continental margins at bathyal depths (100-1000 m). They are particularly well developed in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Based on analyses of data from these regions, we consider (i) how benthic habitat heterogeneity is manifested within OMZs, (ii) which aspects of this heterogeneity exert the greatest influence on alpha and beta diversity within particular OMZs and (iii) how heterogeneity associated with OMZs influences regional (gamma) diversity on continental margins. Sources of sea-floor habitat heterogeneity within OMZs include bottom-water oxygen and sulphide gradients, substratum characteristics, bacterial mats, and variations in the organic matter content of the sediment and pH. On some margins, hard grounds, formed of phosphorites, carbonates or biotic substrata, represent distinct subhabitats colonized by encrusting faunas. Most of the heterogeneity associated with OMZs, however, is created by strong sea-floor oxygen gradients, reinforced by changes in sediment characteristics and organic matter content. For the Pakistan margin, combining these parameters revealed clear environmental and faunal differences between the OMZ core and the upper and lower boundary regions. In all Pacific and Arabian Sea OMZs examined, oxygen appears to be the master driver of alpha and beta diversity in all benthic faunal groups for which data exist, as well as macrofaun-al assemblage composition, particularly in the OMZ core. However, other factors, notably organic matter quantity and quality and sediment characteristics, come into play as oxygen concentrations begin to rise. The influence of OMZs on meiofaunal, macrofaunal and megafaunal regional (gamma) diversity is difficult to assess. Hypoxia is associated with a reduction in species richness in all benthic faunal groups, but there is also evidence for endemism in OMZ settings. We conclude that, on balance, OMZs probably enhance regional diversity, particularly in taxa such as Foraminifera, which are more tolerant of hypoxia than others. Over evolutionary timescales, they may promote speciation by creating strong gradients in selective pressures and barriers to gene flow.
机译：最低氧区（OMZs； O_2浓度<0.5 ml l（-1）的中部水域）是中水特征，在海底深度（100-1000 m）处拦截大陆边缘。它们在东太平洋，阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾特别发达。基于对这些区域的数据分析，我们考虑（i）底栖动物栖息地异质性如何在OMZ中表现出来，（ii）这种异质性的哪些方面对特定OMZ中的α和β多样性影响最大，以及（iii）异质性如何关联OMZs影响大陆边缘的区域（伽马）多样性。 OMZ内海底栖息地异质性的来源包括底水氧气和硫化物梯度，基质特征，细菌垫以及沉积物中有机物含量和pH的变化。在某些边缘，由亚磷酸盐，碳酸盐或生物基质形成的坚硬地面代表着由包裹动物组成的独特的亚生境。然而，与OMZ相关的大多数非均质性是由强烈的海底氧气梯度产生的，并由于沉积物特征和有机质含量的变化而增强。对于巴基斯坦边缘地区，将这些参数结合起来可以揭示OMZ核心与上下边界区域之间明显的环境和动物区系差异。在所有检查过的太平洋和阿拉伯海的OMZ中，氧气似乎是所有有数据的底栖动物群以及大型动物组合组成（尤其是OMZ核心）中α和β多样性的主要驱动力。但是，随着氧气浓度开始上升，其他因素（尤其是有机物的数量和质量以及沉积物特征）也开始发挥作用。 OMZs对动植物，大型动物和大型动物区域（γ）多样性的影响很难评估。缺氧与所有底栖动物群物种丰富度的降低有关，但也有证据表明在OMZ环境中存在地方病。我们得出的结论是，总的来说，OMZ可能会增强区域多样性，尤其是在有孔虫等分类单元中，缺氧比其他区域更能耐受。在进化的时间尺度上，它们可能通过在选择性压力和基因流动的障碍中形成强梯度来促进物种形成。

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  • 来源
    《Marine ecology》 |2010年第1期|125-147|共23页
  • 作者

    Andrew J. Gooday; Brian J. Bett; Elva Escobar; Baban Ingole; Lisa A. Levin; Carlos Neira; Akkur V. Raman; Javier Sellanes;

  • 作者单位

    National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, Southampton, UK;

    rnNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, Southampton, UK;

    rnInstitute de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacan, Mexico, Mexico;

    rnBiological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India;

    rnIntegrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA;

    rnIntegrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA;

    rnMarine Biological Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, Visakhapatnam, India;

    rnDepartamento de Biologia Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Investigacion Oceanografica en el Pacifico Sur-Oriental (COPAS), Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile;

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  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    alpha diversity; beta diversity; continental margin; habitat heterogeneity; hypoxia; macrofauna; oxygen minimum zones; regional diversity;

    机译：alpha多样性;beta多样性;大陆边缘生境异质性缺氧大型动物氧气最小区域;区域多样性;

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