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Process-property-geometry correlations for additively-manufactured Ti-6A1-4V sheets

机译：增材制造的Ti-6A1-4V板材的工艺特性与几何关系

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摘要

This study presents results and statistical analysis of more than 300 mechanical tensile testing and their associated microstructure, microhardness, porosity, and elemental analysis for additively-manufactured Ti-6Al-4V sheets. Square sheets of 84 mm with thicknesses ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.6 mm are fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and traditionally-manufactured sheets are used for the benchmark experiments. The effect of thickness, orientation, distance from free edges, and height and their correlation to material microstructure and thermal history as dictated by DMLS process parameters are investigated. First, a method is developed to differentiate the specimen geometry effect on mechanical properties from the effects of material/manufacturing process, allowing specimen geometry-independent study of the thickness effects on DMLS-manufactured sheets. The results show that the tensile strength linearly decreases by decreasing the thickness while there is no statistically significant variation in elongation at break. The tensile strength increases as the orientation angle of the specimens increases to 30 degrees-45 degrees followed by decreasing to the vertically-oriented specimens; the reverse of this behavior is observed for elongation at break. Furthermore, the tensile strength slightly decreases by increasing the height till similar to 40 mm followed by a more severe decrement at higher heights. Finally, no significant variation of tensile strength is observed by variation of the specimen distance from the free edges. Moreover, the microhardness variations with respect to thickness and height are studied. These observations are correlated to the porosity volume fraction variation and their elongation direction, prior beta grain width variation, and their relationships to the thermal history of the sheets during the DMLS process, beta nanoparticle volume fraction, martensitic alpha' decomposition to alpha + beta and alpha '' orthorhombic structure, and Oxygen content variation.
机译：这项研究为添加制造的Ti-6Al-4V板材提供了300多项机械拉伸试验及其相关的显微组织，显微硬度，孔隙率和元素分析的结果和统计分析。使用直接金属激光烧结（DMLS）制作厚度为0.5毫米至1.6毫米的84毫米方片，并将传统制造的片材用于基准实验。研究了厚度，取向，到自由边缘的距离以及高度的影响，以及它们与DMLS工艺参数所决定的材料微结构和热历史的相关性。首先，开发了一种方法来区分样品几何形状对机械性能的影响与材料/制造过程的影响，从而允许独立于样品几何形状的研究对DMLS制造的板材的厚度影响。结果表明，拉伸强度通过减小厚度而线性降低，而断裂伸长率没有统计学上的显着变化。拉伸强度随着试样的取向角增加到30度至45度而增加，然后减小到垂直取向的试样。观察到这种行为的相反结果是断裂伸长率。此外，抗拉强度会随着高度的增加而略微降低，直到接近40 mm，然后在更高的高度处更严重地降低。最后，通过改变试样到自由边缘的距离，没有观察到抗张强度的显着变化。此外，研究了相对于厚度和高度的显微硬度变化。这些观察结果与孔隙率分数变化及其伸长方向，先前的β晶粒宽度变化及其与DMLS过程中片材的热历史，β纳米粒子体积分数，马氏体α'分解为α+β和α''正交晶结构和氧含量变化。

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