Systematic exploration of the L-PBF processing behavior and resulting properties of β-stabilized Ti-alloys prepared by in-situ alloy formation

Florian Huber; Thomas Papke; Constantin Kauffmann; Richard Rothfelder; Pavel Krakhmalev; Marion Merklein; Michael Schmidt

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Systematic exploration of the L-PBF processing behavior and resulting properties of β-stabilized Ti-alloys prepared by in-situ alloy formation

机译：通过原位合金形成制备的β-稳定的Ti合金的L-PBF加工行为和所得性能的系统探索

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Aim of this work is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of an increasing β-phase stability of Ti-alloys on the L-PBF processing behavior. For this purpose, seven different Ti-alloys with an increasing concentration of the β-phase stabilizing elements Fe and V were prepared by L-PBF and in-situ alloy formation. The Molybdenum equivalent (Mo_(eq)) of the examined alloys, as a measure of β-phase stability, was varied systematically between -3.3 and 25. It is shown that a homogeneous distribution of elements is achievable by in-situ alloying. The experiments prove that the investigated alloys can be processed by a single L-PBF parameter set with high relative density above 99.8%. This finding is substantiated by calculated thermo-physical material properties and an analytical model. To understand the underlying metallurgical effects governing the L-PBF results, the samples were investigated extensively by EDS, EBSD, XRD, light microscopy and compression tests. The (β-phase fraction varies in dependence of the Mo_(eq) between 0% and 99%. Because of rapid solidification inherent in L-PBF a Mo_(eq) of 10 is sufficient to receive more than 90% β-phase. The same amount of β-phase after furnace cooling was only observed in alloys with Mo_(eq) of 20 or more. While all alloy compositions can be processed with high relative density of over 99.8%, alloys with a Mo_(eq) between 15 and 20 show a brittle material behavior in as-built state, resulting in cracking during L-PBF. This behavior is attributed to the formation of co-phase during L-PBF. In contrast, the highest p-stabilized alloy with a nominal Mo_(eq) of 25 exhibits a very high ductility with a fracture strain exceeding 50%.

机译：这项工作的目的是全面了解β相稳定性对L-PBF加工行为的β相稳定性的影响。为此目的，通过L-PBF和原位合金形成制备七种不同的Ti合金，其含有β相稳定元件Fe和V的浓度增加。所检查合金的钼当量（Mo_（eq））作为β相稳定性的量度，系统地在-3.3和25之间变化。结果表明，通过原位合金化可以实现元素的均匀分布。实验证明，所研究的合金可以通过高于99.8％的高相对密度的单个L-PBF参数集处理。该发现是通过计算的热物理材料特性和分析模型来证实。要了解L-PBF结果的潜在冶金效果，通过EDS，EBSD，XRD，光学显微镜和压缩测试广泛研究样品。（β相级分依赖于0％至99％之间的MO_（eQ）而变化。由于L-PBF中固有的快速凝固，10的MO_（EQ）足以获得超过90％的β相。炉冷却后的相同量的β相仅在20以上的MO_（EQ）中观察到。虽然所有合金组合物可以以超过99.8％的高相对密度加工，但在15之间的合金（Eq）之间的合金图20显示了在L-PBF期间的脆性物质行为，导致L-PBF期间的裂缝。这种行为归因于L-PBF期间的共相。相反，具有标称MO_的最高的P稳定合金（EQ）25的延展性具有超过50％的裂缝菌株。

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《Materials Science and Engineering》 |2021年第22期|141374.1-141374.16|共16页
作者
Florian Huber; Thomas Papke; Constantin Kauffmann; Richard Rothfelder; Pavel Krakhmalev; Marion Merklein; Michael Schmidt;
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Institute of Photonic Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Konrad-Zuse-Straβe 3/5 91052 Erlangen Germany Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Paul-Gordan-Straβe 6 91052 Erlangen Germany Collaborative Research Center 814: Additive Manufacturing Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Am Weichselgarten 9 91058 Erlangen Germany;

Collaborative Research Center 814: Additive Manufacturing Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Am Weichselgarten 9 91058 Erlangen Germany Institute of Manufacturing Technology Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nurnberg Egerlandstraβe 13 91058 Erlangen Germany;

Institute of Photonic Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Konrad-Zuse-Straβe 3/5 91052 Erlangen Germany;

Institute of Photonic Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Konrad-Zuse-Straβe 3/5 91052 Erlangen Germany Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Paul-Gordan-Straβe 6 91052 Erlangen Germany Collaborative Research Center 814: Additive Manufacturing Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Am Weichselgarten 9 91058 Erlangen Germany;

Department of Engineering and Physics Karlstad University 651 88 Karlstad Sweden;

Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Paul-Gordan-Straβe 6 91052 Erlangen Germany Collaborative Research Center 814: Additive Manufacturing Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Am Weichselgarten 9 91058 Erlangen Germany Institute of Manufacturing Technology Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nurnberg Egerlandstraβe 13 91058 Erlangen Germany;

Institute of Photonic Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Konrad-Zuse-Straβe 3/5 91052 Erlangen Germany Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Paul-Gordan-Straβe 6 91052 Erlangen Germany Collaborative Research Center 814: Additive Manufacturing Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg Am Weichselgarten 9 91058 Erlangen Germany;

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Additive manufacturing; Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF); Titanium alloys; Laser materials processing; In-situ alloy formation; Mechanical properties;

机译：添加剂制造;激光粉床融合（L-PBF）;钛合金;激光材料加工;原位合金形成;机械性能;

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3. Study on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3V in β processing via experiment and simulation [J] . D.L OuYang, M.W. Fu, S.Q. Lu Materials Science and Engineering . 2014,第deca1期

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5. Tribological properties of aluminum alloy matrix titanium diboride composite prepared by in-situ processing. [D] . Caracostas, Constantinos A. 1994

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7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. 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机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

Systematic exploration of the L-PBF processing behavior and resulting properties of β-stabilized Ti-alloys prepared by in-situ alloy formation

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