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What we can't learn from nature

机译：我们无法从大自然中学到的东西

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When attempting to design bio-inspired materials and structures, it is important to remember that Nature employs some strategies for optimising the use of load-bearing materials which we, as engineers, cannot replicate. A material in a biological structure, such as a bone or plant stem, experiences stresses which are higher than would be allowed in an engineering structure, even if we were using exactly the same material. There are several reasons for this: biological materials are subject to continuous inspection and repair; they are constructed in more optimal ways, especially in respect to fibre orientations, and they are allowed to operate at higher failure rates. In the present paper I discuss four particular examples of Nature's strategies and, in each case, I try to quantify their effect for the case of cortical bone. The overall conclusion is that, thanks to these four little tricks, Nature is able to operate bone at a stress which is about 17 times greater than the stress at which it could be used in an engineering component. Considering how a typical bone is loaded, this implies an inrrpase in wpight of about a factor of 10.
机译：在尝试设计受生物启发的材料和结构时，请务必记住，大自然采用了一些策略来优化承重材料的使用，而这些都是我们工程师无法复制的。即使我们使用完全相同的材料，生物结构中的材料（例如骨骼或植物茎）所承受的应力也要比工程结构中所承受的应力高。造成这种情况的原因有很多：生物材料需要不断检查和维修；它们以更优化的方式构造，尤其是在光纤定向方面，并且允许它们以更高的故障率运行。在本文中，我讨论了自然策略的四个特定示例，并且在每种情况下，我都试图量化其对皮质骨情况的影响。总的结论是，由于这四个小技巧，Nature能够以比在工程部件中使用的应力大17倍的应力来操作骨骼。考虑到如何加载典型的骨骼，这意味着wpight中的inrrpase大约是10倍。

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