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Spherical nanoindentation stress-strain curves

机译：球形纳米压痕应力-应变曲线

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Although indentation experiments have long been used to measure the hardness and Young's modulus, the utility of this technique in analyzing the complete elastic-plastic response of materials under contact loading has only been realized in the past few years - mostly due to recent advances in testing equipment and analysis protocols. This paper provides a timely review of the recent progress made in this respect in extracting meaningful indentation stress-strain curves from the raw datasets measured in instrumented spherical nanoindentation experiments. These indentation stress-strain curves have produced highly reliable estimates of the indentation modulus and the indentation yield strength in the sample, as well as certain aspects of their post-yield behavior, and have been critically validated through numerical simulations using finite element models as well as direct in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements on micro-pillars. Much of this recent progress was made possible through the introduction of a new measure of indentation strain and the development of new protocols to locate the effective zero-point of initial contact between the indenter and the sample in the measured datasets. This has led to an important key advance in this field where it is now possible to reliably identify and analyze the initial loading segment in the indentation experiments. Major advances have also been made in correlating the local mechanical response measured in nanoindentation with the local measurements of structure at the indentation site using complementary techniques. For example, it has been shown that the combined use of Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM, using Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD)) and nanoindentation on polycrystalline metallic samples can yield important information on the orientation dependence of indentation yield stress, which can in turn be used to estimate percentage increase in the local slip resistance in deformed samples. The same methods have been used successfully to probe the intrinsic role of grain boundaries in the overall mechanical deformation of the sample. More recently, these protocols have been extended to characterize local mechanical property changes in the damaged layers in ion-irradiated metals. Similarly, the combined use of Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation on samples of mouse bone has revealed tissue-level correlations between the mineral content at the indentation site and the associated local mechanical properties. The new protocols have also provided several new insights into the buckling response in dense carbon nanotube (CNT) brushes. These and other recent successful applications of nanoindentation are expected to provide the critically needed information for the maturation of physics-based multiscale models for the mechanical behavior of most advanced materials. In this paper, we review these latest developments and identify the future challenges that lie ahead.
机译：尽管压痕实验长期以来一直用于测量硬度和杨氏模量，但该技术仅在最近几年才实现了在接触载荷下分析材料的完整弹塑性响应的实用性-主要是由于最近的测试进展设备和分析协议。本文提供了在这方面的最新进展的及时回顾，该进展是从通过仪器球形纳米压痕实验测量的原始数据集中提取有意义的压痕应力-应变曲线。这些压痕应力-应变曲线对样品中的压痕模量和压痕屈服强度以及其屈服后行为的某些方面产生了高度可靠的估计，并且也已通过使用有限元模型的数值模拟进行了严格验证。作为微柱上的直接原位扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测量。通过引入一种新的压痕应变测量方法以及开发新协议以在测量数据集中确定压头与样品之间初始接触的有效零点成为可能，许多最新进展得以实现。这导致了该领域的重要关键进展，现在可以在压痕实验中可靠地识别和分析初始载荷段。在使用互补技术将纳米压痕中测得的局部机械响应与压痕部位处的结构的局部测量相关联方面，也取得了重大进展。例如，已经表明，取向成像显微镜（OIM，使用电子背散射衍射（EBSD））和纳米压痕在多晶金属样品上的组合使用可产生有关压痕屈服应力的方向依赖性的重要信息，而反过来又可以用于估计变形样品中局部抗滑性的百分比增加。已经成功地使用了相同的方法来探究晶界在样品整体机械变形中的内在作用。最近，这些协议已扩展为表征离子辐照金属中受损层中的局部机械性能变化。同样，拉曼光谱法和纳米压痕技术在小鼠骨骼样品上的结合使用，揭示了压痕部位矿物质含量与相关的局部机械性能之间的组织水平相关性。新协议还为致密碳纳米管（CNT）刷子的屈曲响应提供了一些新见解。纳米压痕技术的这些以及其他最近成功的应用有望为最先进材料的机械行为的基于物理的多尺度模型的成熟化提供至关重要的信息。在本文中，我们回顾了这些最新发展并确定了未来的挑战。

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