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Self-foaming polymers: Opportunities for the next generation of personal protective equipment

机译：自发泡聚合物：下一代个人防护设备的机会

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摘要

Polymeric foams merge the intrinsic lightness of porous materials with low thermal and electrical conductivity as well as good energy adsorption capabilities and filtration abilities, depending on their morphology. Such combinations explain their widespread use in many applications, including in the domain of personal protective equipment (PPE). Indeed, foams are the materials of choice to fulfill a series of essential protective functions, including: (i) insulation, (ⅱ) dissipation, (ⅲ) adsorption, (ⅳ) filtration, (ⅴ) flotation and, of course, (ⅵ) cushioning. Historically, foams were developed by iterative formulation works aiming at nucleating and stabilizing bubbles of gas in a polymer matrix. The foaming of polyurethanes is among the earliest - and today most mature - methodologies. Indeed, polyurethanes are obtained from isocyanate precursors that have the ability to partially decompose in gaseous CO_2 in the presence of water. The gas, also referred to as the blowing agent (BA), is released concomitantly with the polymerization reaction to initiate the expansion of the growing polymer. Because the BA is primarily embedded in the molecular structure of the precursors of the polymer, this system is usually labelled as self-foaming. With the growing health and environmental awareness regarding the toxicity of isocyanates, a burgeoning number of self-foaming polymers and their precursors that circumvent the use of isocyanates are reported in the literature. They combine an interesting range of assets - from the typical ease of use of one-pack systems to the relative innocuity of their blowing gas (e.g., CO_2, H_2O, halogen-free alkanes) - that are very well suited to the large-scale production of foams in compliance with strict safety and environmental specifications. In this context, the present review is showcasing both historical and emerging self-foaming (pre)polymers that represent opportunities for the production of the next generation of safer and environmentally benign PPE. A special attention is dedicated to the self-foaming mechanisms - i.e., the chemical transformations of the (pre) polymers that result in the release of the blowing agent - and its interplay with the physicochemical processes resulting in the hardening of the (pre)polymers (e.g., sol-gel or rubber-glass transitions). A classification of those mechanisms - (i) thermolysis and (ⅱ) condensation - is proposed for the first time. The properties of the resulting foams are also briefly discussed in terms of densities, cell morphology and mechanical response with the intention to guide the reader in selecting the best foaming process for the targeted polymer matrix and with a special emphasize on the PPE application domains.
机译：聚合物泡沫合并多孔材料的内在亮度，具有低热导电性以及良好的能量吸附能力和过滤能力，具体取决于它们的形态。这种组合解释了他们在许多应用中的广泛使用，包括在个人保护设备（PPE）的领域中。实际上，泡沫是履行一系列基本保护功能的选择材料，包括：（i）绝缘，（Ⅱ）耗散，（Ⅲ）吸附，（ⅳ）浮选，（ⅴ）浮选，当然（ⅵ ）缓冲。从历史上看，泡沫是通过迭代配方开发的，旨在核心核解和稳定聚合物基质中的气泡。聚氨酯的发泡是最早和今天最成熟的方法。实际上，聚氨酯是由异氰酸酯前体获得的，所述异氰酸酯前体能够在水存在下部分分解在气态CO_2中。随着聚合反应的伴随，释放出释放的气体以引发生长聚合物的膨胀。因为BA主要嵌入聚合物前体的分子结构中，所以该系统通常标记为自发泡。凭借异氰酸酯的毒性的生育和环境意识不断增长，在文献中报道了一种脾脏促进使用异氰酸酯的自发泡聚合物及其前体的爆炸性。它们将一系列有趣的资产结合起来 - 从典型的易于使用一个包装系统到其吹气气体的相对纯度（例如，CO_2，H_2O，无卤素烷烃） - 非常适合大规模符合严格安全和环境规范的泡沫生产。在这种情况下，本综述正在展示历史和新兴的自发作（前）聚合物，这些聚合物代表了生产下一代更安全和环境良性PPE的机会。特别关注的是自发泡机制 - 即，导致发泡剂释放的（前）聚合物的化学转化 - 及其与物理化学过程的相互作用，从而导致（前）聚合物的硬化（例如，溶胶 - 凝胶或橡胶玻璃过渡）。第一次提出了这些机制 - （i）热解和（Ⅱ）冷凝的分类。在密度，细胞形态和机械响应方面还简要讨论了所得泡沫的性质，与意图引导读者选择靶向聚合物基质的最佳发泡过程，并特别强调PPE应用结构域。

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  • 来源
    《Materials Science & Engineering》 |2021年第7期|100628.1-100628.27|共27页
  • 作者

    Florent Monie; Thomas Vidil; Bruno Grignard; Henri Cramail; Christophe Detrembleur;

  • 作者单位

    Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM) CESAM Research Unit University of Liege Department of Chemistry Sart-Tilman B6A 4000 liege Belgium;

    University Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP LCPO UMR 5629 F-33600 Pessac France;

    Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM) CESAM Research Unit University of Liege Department of Chemistry Sart-Tilman B6A 4000 liege Belgium;

    University Bordeaux CNRS Bordeaux INP LCPO UMR 5629 F-33600 Pessac France;

    Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM) CESAM Research Unit University of Liege Department of Chemistry Sart-Tilman B6A 4000 liege Belgium;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Self-foaming; Polymer foams; Polyimide; Polyurethane; Polybenzoxazine; Polyester;

    机译：自发;聚合物泡沫;聚酰亚胺;聚氨酯;聚苯苯并嗪;聚酯纤维;

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