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Consolidation/synthesis Of Materials By Electric Current Activated/assisted Sintering

机译：电流活化/辅助烧结固结/合成材料

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This review article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of the development of the Electric Current Activated/assisted Sintering technique (ECAS) for the obtainment of dense materials including nanostructured ones. The use of ECAS for pure sintering purposes, when starting from already synthesized powders promoters, and to obtain the desired material by simultaneously performing synthesis and consolidation in one-step is reviewed. Specifically, more than a thousand papers published on this subject during the past decades are taken into account.rnThe experimental procedures, formation mechanisms, characteristics, and functionality of a wide spectrum of dense materials fabricated by ECAS are presented. The influence of the most important operating parameters (i.e. current intensity, temperature, processing time, etc.) on product characteristics and process dynamics is reviewed for a large family of materials including ceramics, intermetallics, metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic composites.rnIn this review, systems where synthesis and densification stages occur simultaneously, i.e. a fully dense product is formed immediately after reaction completion, as well as those ones for which a satisfactory densification degree is reached only by maintaining the application of the electric current once the full reaction conversion is obtained, are identified.rnIn addition, emphasis is given to the obtainment of nanostructured dense materials due to their rapid progress and wide applications. Specifically, the effect of mechanical activation by ball milling of starting powders on ECAS process dynamics and product characteristics (i.e. density and microstructure) is analysed.rnThe emerging theme from the large majority of the reviewed investigations is the comparison of ECAS over conventional methods including pressureless sintering, hot pressing, and others. Theoretical analysis pertaining to such technique is also proposed following the last results obtained on this topic.
机译：这篇综述文章旨在提供电流致动/辅助烧结技术（ECAS）的发展的最新和全面的描述，该技术用于获得包括纳米结构材料在内的致密材料。从已经合成的粉末促进剂开始，以及一步一步地同时进行合成和固结以获得所需材料时，ECAS用于纯烧结目的的用途已得到综述。具体而言，考虑了过去几十年来发表的有关该主题的1000多篇论文。提出了由ECAS制造的多种致密材料的实验程序，形成机理，特征和功能。对于包括陶瓷，金属间化合物，金属陶瓷和陶瓷陶瓷复合材料在内的一大类材料，综述了最重要的操作参数（即电流强度，温度，加工时间等）对产品特性和工艺动力学的影响。本文综述了同时发生合成和致密化阶段的系统，即在反应完成后立即形成完全致密的产品，以及仅通过在完全反应后保持电流的施加即可达到令人满意的致密化程度的系统。此外，由于纳米结构致密材料的快速发展和广泛的应用，其获得的重点是纳米结构致密材料的获得。具体而言，分析了起始粉末的球磨机械活化对ECAS工艺动力学和产品特性（即密度和微观结构）的影响。rn绝大多数已审查研究的新主题是ECAS与常规方法（包括无压）的比较烧结，热压等。在此主题上获得的最后结果之后，也提出了与这种技术有关的理论分析。

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