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首页> 外文期刊>Microbial Ecology >The Effects of Endophytes on Seed Production and Seed Predation of Tall Fescue and Meadow Fescue
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The Effects of Endophytes on Seed Production and Seed Predation of Tall Fescue and Meadow Fescue

机译：内生真菌对高羊茅和草甸羊茅种子生产和捕食的影响

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Fungal endophytes of grasses are often included in agricultural management and in ecological studies of natural grass populations. In European agriculture and ecological studies, however, grass endophytes are largely ignored. In this study, we determined endophyte infection frequencies of 13 European cultivars and 49 wild tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) populations in Northern Europe. We then examined seed production and seed predation of endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) tall fescue (in wild grass populations and in a field experiment) and meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis; in a field experiment only). Endophytes were detected in only one of the 13 cultivars. In contrast, >90% of wild tall fescue plants harbored endophytes in 45 wild populations but were absent in three inland populations in Estonia. In three wild tall fescue study sites, 17%, 22%, and 56% of the seeds were preyed upon by the cocksfoot moth. Endophyte infection did not affect seed mass of tall fescue in the field experiment. However, seed predation was lower in E+ than E− grasses in the two tall fescue populations with higher predation rates. For meadow fescue, the mean number of seeds from E+ plants was higher than E− plants, but E− and E+ seeds had equal rates of predation by the moth. Our results suggest that the effects of grass endophytes on seed production and cocksfoot moth seed predation vary considerably among grass species, and the effects may depend on herbivore pressure and other environmental conditions.
机译：草的真菌内生菌通常被包括在农业管理和天然草种群的生态研究中。但是，在欧洲的农业和生态研究中，草类内生菌在很大程度上被忽略了。在这项研究中，我们确定了北欧13个欧洲品种和49个野生高羊茅（Schedonorus phoenix）种群的内生菌感染频率。然后，我们检查了内生菌感染（E +）和无内生菌（E-）高羊茅（在野草种群和田间试验中）和草地羊茅（Schedonorus pratensis；仅在田间试验中）的种子产量和种子捕食。仅在13个品种之一中检测到内生菌。相比之下，爱沙尼亚超过90％的野生高羊茅植物在45个野生种群中具有内生菌，但在三个内陆种群中却没有。在三个野生高羊茅研究场所，sites脚蛾捕食的种子分别为17％，22％和56％。在田间试验中，内生菌感染不影响高羊茅种子的质量。但是，在两个高羊茅种群中，E +的种子捕食率低于E-草，它们的捕食率更高。对于草甸羊茅，来自E +植物的平均种子数量高于E-植物，但是E-和E +种子的蛾子捕食率相同。我们的结果表明，草种内生菌对种子生产和production脚蛾种子捕食的影响在不同草种之间差异很大，并且这种影响可能取决于草食动物的压力和其他环境条件。

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