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Minority representation, tokenism, and well-being in army units

机译：军队中的少数民族代表权，象征主义和福祉

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摘要

Racial and ethnic diversity is increasing in the US Army and women are moving into more combat roles. This puts minority soldiers at risk for being underrepresented in their work units. Tokenism theory predicts that when a work group has less than 15% representation in a social group, the numerically underrepresented minority (i.e., token) members are subject to three disadvantages: higher visibility, informal isolation, and role encapsulation. In the Army, where many companies contain small numbers of women and racial minorities, some soldiers may face additional stressors and constraints. We explored psychosocial, organizational, and health outcomes of all identifiable token women (N = 4,425) and Black soldiers (N = 5,040). Tokens were remarkably similar to non-tokens and majority soldiers on outcomes such as coping skills, adaptability, organizational trust, sleep, substance use, and pain. The intersection of token status in terms of race and gender was not related to any appreciable differences. One potential explanation is the shared Army culture that emphasizes group unity and the importance of the mission above individual characteristics and goals. The Army depends on cohesion, organizational identification, and commitment to the group in order to reduce stress and anxiety, and to maximize combat performance. For soldiers who have internalized this culture, it could be easier to see past individual differences such as gender and race and identify others in the unit as fellow soldiers primarily.
机译：美国军队中种族和种族的多样性正在增加，妇女正在扮演更多的战斗角色。这使少数族裔士兵面临在工作单位中任职人数不足的危险。象征主义理论预测，当一个工作组在一个社会团体中的代表性不足15％时，在数字上代表性不足的少数派（即代币）成员将面临三个不利条件：更高的可见度，非正式的隔离和角色封装。在陆军中，许多公司中只有少数妇女和少数民族，其中一些士兵可能面临更多的压力和束缚。我们探讨了所有可识别的象征性妇女（N = 4,425）和黑人士兵（N = 5,040）的社会心理，组织和健康状况。代币在应对技巧，适应性，组织信任，睡眠，吸毒和痛苦等结果上与非代币和多数士兵非常相似。代币状态在种族和性别方面的交集与任何明显的差异均无关。一种可能的解释是共享的陆军文化，它强调团体的团结和任务在个人特征和目标之上的重要性。陆军依靠凝聚力，组织认同感和对小组的承诺来减轻压力和焦虑，并最大程度地提高战斗力。对于已经使这种文化内化的士兵来说，更容易看到过去的个体差异，例如性别和种族，并将单位中的其他人主要确定为同伴。

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