Medium-calibre cannons and their associated ammunition are the workhorse weapon systems of many armies, air forces and navies. While some of these systems can be traced back over several decades, the ammunition they fire continues to be modernised and adapted, to offer greater lethality against an evolving adversary. Whether arming an IFV, a new F-35, or a naval patrol vessel, medium-calibre weapon systems continue to be popular lethality choices for global armed forces. Medium-size ammunition provides something of a sweet spot for them, significantly enhancing platform lethality while also giving more flexibility in desired target-specific effects - in which the extra volume within the larger round is helpful. Platforms can also carry more medium-sized rounds, by comparison with larger, heavier ammunition types.Ammunition development for medium-calibre weapon systems follow several trends, including the need for greater lethality, or 'upgunning,' colloquially; increasing accuracy, using intelligent fusing and fire control systems; and the manufacturing of bespoke natures for specific missions, particularly in the air and naval arenas.
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