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Moral Economies in Science: From Ideal to Pragmatic

机译：科学中的道德经济学：从理想到务实

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摘要

In the following pages we discuss three historical cases of moral economies in science: Drosophila genetics, late twentieth century American astronomy, and collaborations between American drug companies and medical scientists in the interwar years. An examination of the most striking differences and similarities between these examples, and the conflicts internal to them, reveals constitutive features of moral economies, and the ways in which they are formed, negotiated, and altered. We critically evaluate these three examples through the filters of rational choice, utility, and American pragmatism, using the latter to support the conclusion that there is no single vision of moral economies in science and no single theory-moral, political, social-that will explain them. These filters may not be the only means through which to evaluate the moral economies examined, but aspects of each appear prominent in all three cases. In addition, explanations for decisions are often given in the language of these theories, both at the macro (policy) level and at the local level of the moral economies we discuss. In light of such factors, the use of these frameworks seems justified. We begin with an attempt to define the nature of moral economies, then move to a consideration of scientific communities as moral communities operating within material and other constraints which we relate to wider questions of political economy and societal accountabilities.
机译：在接下来的几页中，我们讨论科学中道德经济的三个历史案例：果蝇遗传学，二十世纪后期的美国天文学以及两次世界大战期间美国制药公司与医学科学家之间的合作。对这些例子之间最显着的差异和相似之处以及它们之间的内部冲突的研究揭示了道德经济的构成特征，以及它们形成，协商和改变的方式。我们通过理性选择，效用和美国实用主义的过滤器，对这三个例子进行了批判性的评估，并用后者来支持这样的结论，即科学中没有道德经济学的单一视野，也没有道德，政治，社会的单一理论。向他们解释。这些过滤器可能不是评估所考察的道德经济的唯一手段，但在所有三种情况下，每种过滤器的各个方面都显得突出。此外，在我们讨论的道德经济的宏观（政策）层面和地方层面，决策决策通常都是用这些理论的语言给出的。鉴于这些因素，使用这些框架似乎是合理的。我们首先尝试定义道德经济的性质，然后开始考虑将科学社区视为在物质和其他约束条件下运作的道德社区，这些约束条件与更广泛的政治经济学和社会责任问题相关。

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