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Avalanche cycles in Austria: an analysis of the major events in the last 50 years

机译：奥地利的雪崩周期：过去50年主要事件的分析

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During the last 50 years, an average of 30 persons per year was killed by avalanches in Austria. About one-third of all avalanche fatalities occurred as a result of so-called ‘catastrophic avalanches’. ‘Catastrophic avalanches’ are spontaneously released avalanches that affect villages and cause damage to property (buildings, roads and other infrastructure). The biggest avalanche events in Austria were in 1950/1951 (135 fatalities), in 1953/1954 (143 fatalities) and in February 1999, when 38 persons were killed in Galtür and Valzur. This article deals with an analysis of nine major avalanche cycles in the last 55 years. An avalanche cycle in this article is defined as 50 recorded avalanches of at least size 3 in two days and/or 5 persons killed in villages within two days. The basis of this study are the well-documented records from Fliri (1998), who analysed natural disasters in the western part of Austria and the Trentino, including floods, mudflows, earthquakes and avalanches. The meteorological data were taken from two relevant observation sites in the northern part of the Austrian Alps, from two sites in an intermediate and continental region, respectively and from one site in the southern part of the Austrian Alps. Atmospheric patterns were analysed by using weather charts for the relevant periods. Both the meteorological data and the weather charts were provided by the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG). It was found that there was a major cycle every 6 years (on average). Two-thirds of all investigated cycles were characterised by a continuous increase of snow depth over a period of at least three days. In only three periods (1975, 1986, 1988), daily extreme values could be observed. More than 40% of all the cycles occurred in January. In two-thirds, a north-westerly oriented frontal zone was responsible for the formation of a major cycle. The remaining cycles were released by low-pressure areas over Central Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively.
机译：在过去的50年中，奥地利平均每年有30人被雪崩杀死。所有雪崩死亡人数中约有三分之一是所谓的“灾难性雪崩”造成的。 “灾难性雪崩”是自发释放的雪崩，会影响村庄并造成财产（建筑物，道路和其他基础设施）损坏。奥地利最大的雪崩事件发生在1950/1951年（135人死亡），1953/1954年（143人死亡）和1999年2月，在Galtür和Valzur造成38人死亡。本文分析了过去55年中的9个主要雪崩周期。本文中的雪崩周期定义为：两天内至少有3个记录的雪崩发生了50次，和/或两天内在村庄中有5人被杀死。这项研究的基础是Fliri（1998）的有据可查的记录，他们分析了奥地利西部和特伦蒂诺州的自然灾害，包括洪水，泥石流，地震和雪崩。气象数据分别来自奥地利阿尔卑斯山北部的两个相关观测站，中部和大陆地区的两个站点以及奥地利阿尔卑斯山南部的一个站点。通过使用相关时期的天气图表分析了大气模式。气象数据和天气图均由中央气象和地球动力学研究所（ZAMG）提供。结果发现，平均每6年就有一个大周期。在所有调查周期中，有三分之二的特征是至少三天时间内积雪深度持续增加。在仅三个时期（1975年，1986年，1988年）中，可以观察到每日极值。所有周期的40％以上发生在1月。在三分之二的区域中，西北向的额叶带负责形成一个大周期。其余的循环分别由中欧和地中海上的低压地区释放。

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    《Natural Hazards》 |2009年第3期|p.399-424|共26页
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    Peter Höller;

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