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Scalar implicatures of embedded disjunction

机译：嵌入析取的标量含义

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Sentences with disjunction in the scope of a universal quantifier, Every A is P or Q, tend to give rise to distributive inferences that each of the disjuncts holds of at least one individual in the domain of the quantifier, Some A is P & Some A is Q. These inferences are standardly derived as an entailment of the meaning of the sentence together with the scalar implicature that it is not the case that either disjunct holds of every individual in the domain of the quantifier, Every A is P & Every A is Q (plain negated inferences). As we show, this derivation faces a challenge in that distributive inferences may obtain in the absence of plain negated inferences. We address this challenge by showing that on particular assumptions about alternatives, a derivation of distributive inferences as scalar implicatures can be maintained without in fact necessitating plain negated inferences. These assumptions accord naturally with the grammatical approach to scalar implicatures. We also present experimental data that suggest that plain negated inferences are not only unnecessary for deriving distributive inferences, but might in fact be unavailable.
机译：在通用量词范围内具有析取关系的句子，每个A为P或Q时，往往会产生分布推论，即每个析取词在量词的领域中至少包含一个人，某些A为P＆Some A这些推论在标准上是作为句子含义的必然结果以及标量隐含关系而得出的，它不是在量词的域中每个个体的析取式都不成立的情况，每个A是P，每个A是Q（纯否定的推论）。正如我们所展示的，这种推导面临着一个挑战，即在没有简单否定推论的情况下就可以获得分布推论。我们通过显示对替代方案的特定假设来应对这一挑战，可以保持派生推断作为标量隐含的推导，而实际上并不需要简单的否定推断。这些假设自然符合标量隐含的语法方法。我们还提供了实验数据，表明纯否定推理不仅对于派生分布推理是不必要的，而且实际上可能是不可用的。

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